The Queen meets the Māori Queen, Dame Te Arikinui Te Ātairangikaahu, in 1995, accompanied by Prime Minister Jim Bolger (left) and Minister in Charge of Treaty Negotiations Douglas Graham. During this visit Queen Elizabeth personally delivered an apology from the British Crown to the Tainui people.

See related video of this event on Te Ara

The Treaty of Waitangi, considered to be New Zealand’s founding document, was signed at Waitangi on 6 February 1840 by Māori chiefs and representatives of the British Crown. However, within five years Māori were at war with the British over land loss and infringements of the Treaty. Since the 1970s the Waitangi Tribunal has investigated breaches of the Treaty.

Transcript

Archival audio: Waitangi Celebration 1940 RNZ Sound archives.

Actor’s voice: Her Majesty the Queen asks you to sign this treaty. I ask you for this publicly; I do not go from one chief to another. You yourselves have often asked the King of England to extend his protection unto you. Her Majesty now offers you that protection in this treaty.

Narrator: The Treaty of Waitangi, signed at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands on the 6th of February 1840, is considered New Zealand’s founding document.

At the time, there were about 100,000 Māori living in New Zealand, and only 2000 Europeans, or Pākehā. The Europeans felt it was necessary to have a formal acceptance of their settlement. Māori were interested in having European setters because they provided trading opportunities. On the 5th of February 1840, the day before the Treaty was signed, Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson explained the purpose of a proposed agreement between the British government and Māori to a large gathering of chiefs assembled at Waitangi.

The meeting took place in front of the house of the British Resident, James Busby. [This would become known as the Treaty House.] Chiefs from a number of northern tribes had come to Waitangi by canoe and assembled on a clearing near the Resident’s house. The newly appointed governor, Captain William Hobson, had arrived a week earlier from Sydney. Anglican, Catholic and Wesleyan missionaries also attended, with the Reverend Henry Williams, who spoke Māori, interpreting the speeches of the governor and the chiefs. 

After Hobson had spoken, Williams read out the text of the Treaty in Māori. Then the chiefs rose one by one to offer their responses. That evening they retired to nearby Te Tii Marae on the banks of the Waitangi River to continue discussing the document. The next day, the chiefs reassembled in front of the [Treaty] house and 45 of them signed the Treaty. Some chose not to.

In essence, the Treaty formally extended British rule over New Zealand and required Māori recognition of the Governor’s authority. In return, the British government guaranteed Māori their lands, forests and fisheries, and gave them the legal rights of British subjects. It also stipulated that only the Crown could buy Māori land.

However, within five years, Māori and the British government were at war in northern New Zealand over the ongoing loss of Māori land and resources.

To some, the Treaty seemed to be simply a device to help spread European settlement. Others argued it was a sincere attempt to create a society that protected Māori interests as well as the Crown’s. But by the end of the 19th century, Māori had been told by the Chief Justice that the Treaty was ‘a nullity’ with no standing in law. 

Waitangi, where the Treaty negotiations took place, was also ignored. The [Treaty] house lay in disrepair and the Treaty itself was so neglected that parts of it were eaten by rats.

But in 1932, the Governor-General, Lord Bledisloe, bought the land at Waitangi and gifted it to the nation, as well as organising the restoration of the [Treaty] house. This prompted the construction of a beautiful Māori meeting house nearby. Its carvings represented many of the country’s tribes and commemorated the Treaty’s centenary in 1940. A large waka, or canoe, was also built.

While the centenary was a great occasion, the Treaty itself continued to be largely ignored. Not until 1975, when the Waitangi Tribunal was established to investigate grievances, did the Treaty begin to be taken seriously. Since then, it has helped determine government policy and is recognised in the law courts.

At Waitangi today, the Treaty house and the flagstaff stand on extensive manicured lawns. The grounds also include the centennial meeting house and the great waka, which is housed close to the beach where the chiefs landed in 1840.

The Treaty grounds are now visited by around 180,000 people a year. On Waitangi Day itself, the 6th of February, large numbers attend the celebrations.

Since this video was made, errors have been brought to our attention. Corrections to the transcript are indicated by the use of square brackets.

Māori & Pākehā population, 1838-1901 

In the period between the first European landings and the First World War, New Zealand was transformed from an exclusively Māori world into one in which Pākehā dominated numerically, politically, socially and economically. This broad survey of  New Zealand’s ‘long 19th century’ [1] begins with the arrival of James Cook in 1769 and concludes in 1914, when New Zealand answered the call to arms for ‘King and Country’.

First contacts

By the time the first Europeans arrived, Māori had settled the land, every corner of which came within the interest and influence of a tribal (iwi) or sub-tribal (hapū) grouping. Abel Tasman was the first of the European explorers known to have reached New Zealand, in December 1642. His time here was brief. His only encounter with Māori ended badly, with four of his crew killed and Māori fired upon in retaliation. Tasman named the place we now call Golden Bay ‘Moordenaers’ (Murderers’) Bay. After he left in early January 1643, Tasman’s New Zealand became a ragged line on the world map. The Māori response to this visit is less well-known, except for fragments of stories recorded in the 19th century.

Map showing Cook’s voyages

It would be 127 years before the next recorded encounter between European and Māori. The British explorer James Cook arrived in Poverty Bay in October 1769. His voyage to the south Pacific was primarily a scientific expedition, but the British were not averse to expanding trade and empire. The French were not far behind. As Cook rounded the top of the North Island in December 1769, the French explorer Jean François Marie de Surville was only 40 km to the south-west. New Zealand’s isolation was at an end.

Over the next 60 years contact grew. The overwhelming majority of encounters between European and Māori passed without incident, but when things did turn violent much was made of the killing of Europeans. The attack on the sailing ship Boyd in December 1809 was one such example. The incident saw some sailors refer to New Zealand as the ‘Cannibal Isles’ and people were warned to steer clear. Little mention was made of the revenge taken by European whalers, with considerable loss of Māori life. The Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) delayed its plans to establish the first Christian mission in New Zealand.

Contact with sealers and whalers– who began arriving in hundreds in the closing decades of the 18th century – and with traders looking to develop new markets was largely confined to the Far North and the ‘Deep South’. Māori living in the interior had little or no contact with Europeans before 1840.

Pākehā-Māori Barnet Burns

Those hapū and iwi who encountered Europeans were often willing and able participants in the trade that quickly developed. Various intermediaries (kaiwhakarite) – people from one culture who lived with the other – were important in helping establish and maintain trade networks as well as bridging the cultural gap. Māori women were often used to keep Pākehā in the community. Māori also worked as crew on ships operating between Port Jackson (Sydney) and the Bay of Islands. Contact was often ‘strained through Sydney first’. Māori were receptive to many of the new ideas that came with contact. Literacy, introduced by the Christian missionaries, became an increasingly important feature of Māori culture from the 1830s.

The Musket Wars

1820s iwi movements map

Up to one-fifth of the Māori population was killed during the intertribal Musket Wars of the 1810s, 1820s and 1830s. Despite the label, these conflicts were not caused solely by the introduction of European technology in the form of the musket. These wars were about tikanga (custom) and often involved the settling of old scores. They would have occurred whether contact had been made or not.

Māori used the musket in war according to Māori criteria; firearms contributed to rather than determined Māori history.

Māori society was organised and maintained by a number of core beliefs and practices, including mana (status), tapu (controls on behaviour) and utu (revenge to maintain societal balance). These predetermined how Māori interacted with other people and what they expected from the Europeans they encountered.

British first steps

New Zealand’s first mission station

In the early 1830s the Christian missionaries who had been working in New Zealand for nearly 20 years believed that God’s work was being hindered by a general sense of chaos and violence. They pressured the Colonial Office to take action, but colonisation was an expensive business and London was not convinced of its necessity. New Zealand was not a sovereign state, so making formal arrangements with Māori was difficult.

Britain’s first steps were tentative. In 1833 James Busby was appointed as Britain’s first official Resident in New Zealand. Given little official support and provided with no means of enforcing his authority, he was to seek any assistance he might need from the Governor of New South Wales (who was also reluctant to spend money or time on New Zealand).

The New Zealand Company’s United Tribes flag

Busby attempted to create a sense of identity and collective government by encouraging a number of northern chiefs to choose a flag to represent New Zealand (1834) and sign a Declaration of Independence of New Zealand (1835). The 34 chiefs who signed the declaration called upon King William IV of Britain to become their ‘father and protector’.

The ambitious settlement plans of the New Zealand Company upped the ante. The Company’s plans to buy large quantities of (cheap) land for settlement led to concerns that Māori would be defrauded. The survey ship Tory left for New Zealand in May 1839 to purchase land and prepare settlements for the emigrants the Company was recruiting.

Wellington Harbour, 1841

The Colonial Office responded by sending William Hobson to New Zealand with instructions to obtain sovereignty over all or part of New Zealand with the consent of chiefs. Once he had done so, New Zealand would come under the jurisdiction of the Governor of New South Wales. Hobson left for New Zealand at the end of August. The first shipload of company emigrants left Britain soon afterwards, though no word had yet been received from the Tory as to the success of its mission. Hobson arrived in the Bay of Islands on 29 January 1840, a week after the Aurora arrived in Wellington Harbour with the first cargo of new settlers. Neither party was aware of the arrival of the other – but clearly time was of the essence if they were to achieve their contradictory aims.

Meanwhile William Wakefield, the New Zealand Company’s principal agent in New Zealand, had moved to secure the Company’s position in the Cook Strait region. In late 1839 he had beaten the Crown to the punch by making major land purchases.

Treaty of Waitangi

Within a few days of his arrival in the Bay of Islands Hobson – helped by British residents including Busby and the missionaries Henry and Edward Williams – drafted the Treaty of Waitangi, which was presented to a gathering of Māori on the grounds of Busby’s home at Waitangi. The merits of the document were debated for a day and a night before more than 40 Māori chiefs, led by Ngāpuhi’s Hōne Heke Pōkai, signed it on 6 February. By September, another 500 Māori had signed copies of the treaty that had been sent around the country. At the end of 1840, New Zealand ceased to be governed from New South Wales and became a colony in its own right, with Hobson as Governor.

Treaty of Waitangi

Regarded as New Zealand’s founding document, the Treaty of Waitangi has been a source of much debate and controversy ever since 1840. The differences between the English- and Māori-language versions of the Treaty are at the heart of this debate. While the British maintained that Māori had ceded sovereignty via the Treaty, Māori heavily outnumbered the new settlers and at first little changed on the ground. This is illustrated by the official response to the 1843 Wairau Incident (or Massacre as it was known to Europeans), in which 22 settlers were killed by Ngāti Toa in a dispute over land. Governor Robert FitzRoy insisted that Ngāti Toa had been provoked by the settlers and took no action. The disgruntled settler community viewed this lack of action as confirming that their needs were seen as secondary to those of Māori.

In 1846 a New Zealand Constitution Act (UK) proposed a form of representative government for New Zealand’s 13,000 colonists. The new Governor, George Grey, argued that the settler population could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Māori majority and persuaded his political superiors to postpone its introduction for five years. Once more settlers argued their needs were being overlooked. The Colonial Office was bombarded with memorials and petitions, to no avail.

New Zealand's Provinces 1853-1876 (Te Ara)

The new constitution introduced in 1852 established a system of representative government for New Zealand. Six (eventually ten) provinces were created, with elected superintendents and councils. At the national level, a General Assembly was established consisting of a Legislative Council appointed by the Crown and a House of Representatives elected every five years by men over the age of 21 who owned, leased or rented property of a certain value. As Māori possessed their land communally, almost all were excluded (four Māori parliamentary seats were eventually created in 1867, but in a Parliament with 76 members their impact was negligible). New Zealand’s first Parliament met in Auckland in 1854 (it would shift to Wellington in 1865). The Governor retained responsibility for defence and Māori affairs until 1864.

The New Zealand Wars

Hōne Heke fells the flagstaff at Kororāreka

The first post-Treaty challenge to the Crown came in 1845, when Hōne Heke’s repeated attacks on the British flag at Kororāreka sparked the Northern War. Heke believed that Māori had lost their status and their country to the British despite the assurances embodied in the Treaty of Waitangi. The Northern War marked the beginning of the wider North Island conflicts which are collectively known as the New Zealand Wars.

From the mid-1840s to the early 1870s British and colonial forces fought to open up the North Island for settlement. Contested understandings of sovereignty were inflamed by decreasing Māori willingness to sell land and increasing pressure for land for settlement as the European population grew rapidly.

There were around 3000 deaths during these wars – the majority of them Māori. While many died defending their land, others allied themselves with the colonists, often to achieve tribal goals at the expense of other iwi.

During the Northern War Governor FitzRoy was replaced by George Grey, who secured more manpower and resources before claiming victory at Ruapekapeka in January 1846. Grey, who was to become one of the New Zealand’s dominant 19th-century figures, made peace with Heke and his principal ally Kawiti before moving to secure Wellington and Whanganui from allies of the Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha.

The Kīngitanga

Tūkāroto Matutaera Pōtatau Te Wherowhero Tāwhiao

In the uneasy peace that followed, an ever-growing settler population continued to covet Māori land. This pressure intensified after 1856, when the New Zealand Parliament achieved responsible government. Most members of Parliament believed their first responsibility was to the settlers who had elected them. The Colonial Office also expected New Zealand to pay its own way – including by acquiring Māori land for settlement.

In the South Island, where few Māori lived, settlers and sheep had spread with ease. But in 1860, 80% of the North Island remained in Māori hands and most colonists were bottled up in coastal settlements. The fact that some Māori had become commercial farmers supplying the new settlers compounded the latter’s frustrations – especially as, in their eyes, much Māori-owned land was ‘waste land’ (unoccupied).

To counter increasing pressure to sell, some Māori suggested placing their land under the protection of a single figure – a Māori king. Te Wherowhero of Waikato (who had not signed the Treaty of Waitangi) became the first Māori King in 1858. The Kīngitanga (‘King Movement’) attempted to unite tribes under its banner, but many iwi refused to place their mana under that of another. Unlike the colonial government and most settlers, the Kīngitanga did not see itself as in opposition to the Queen.

War in Taranaki and Waikato

War erupted in Taranaki in 1860 following Governor Thomas Gore Browne’s decision to accept an offer to buy land from a minor Te Āti Awa chief. This offer was disputed by the more senior Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitāke. New Plymouth was besieged and British attempts to lure Māori into a decisive battle failed. The involvement of warriors from Waikato raised fears of a wider conflict. A truce was eventually agreed in 1861 and George Grey returned for a second term as Governor. Hostilities flared up again in Taranaki in 1863 on the eve of the government’s invasion of Waikato.

Waikato War map

In July 1863 the Waikato War began. Over the next seven months British forces pushed their way down into the Kīngitanga’s agricultural base around Rangiaowhia and Te Awamutu. On the way they outflanked formidable modern pā at Meremere and Pāterangi, and captured an undermanned pā at Rangiriri. In April 1864 Kīngitanga warriors under Rewi Maniapoto were heavily defeated at Ōrākau in the last battle in Waikato.

Attention now turned to Tauranga and Bay of Plenty, whose iwi were sending reinforcements and supplies to the Kīngitanga. Despite an overwhelming advantage in numbers and firepower, the British suffered a demoralising defeat at Pukehinahina (‘the Gate Pa’). After they got their revenge two months later at nearby Te Ranga, the campaign came to an end.

South Island settlers objected to the costs incurred in the fighting and wanted the matter resolved. As gold rushes continued in the South Island, some even asked whether New Zealand should be split into two separate colonies.

Fresh conflict

The fighting took on a new dimension with the emergence of Pai Mārire from 1862. This new religious faith had grown out of the conflict over land in Taranaki. For most Europeans the movement became synonymous with violence against settlers. Further fighting broke out in 1868 involving the prophet warriors Te Kooti and Tītokowaru. These guerrilla campaigns ranged across the central North Island from the west coast to the east, stretching the colony’s military resources to near breaking point. Tītokowaru won several stunning victories before in February 1869 – at the height of his success – his army disintegrated overnight. The fighting with Te Kooti ended when he was granted sanctuary by King Tāwhiao in 1872. Tāwhiao himself formally made peace with the Crown in 1881 and returned to Waikato from Te Rohe Potae (the King Country).

Raupatu

Māori land loss, 1860-2000

After the wars the struggle for land entered a new phase of land confiscations (‘raupatu’).

The effects varied from region to region. The consequences were most severe for Waikato–Tainui tribes; Taranaki tribes; Ngāi Te Rangi in Tauranga; and Ngāti Awa, Whakatōhea and Tūhoe in the eastern Bay of Plenty. Military settlers were placed on confiscated land to act as a buffer between Māori and European communities. Even Māori regarded as ‘loyal’ found themselves affected by confiscation and the imposition of British notions of property ownership.

From 1879 the Taranaki settlement of Parihaka became the centre of opposition to confiscation. Its leaders, Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi, encouraged their followers to uproot survey pegs and plough up roads and fences erected on land they considered theirs. Ongoing peaceful resistance resulted in many arrests before the government invaded Parihaka in November 1881. An armed force ran amok in the undefended settlement and Te Whiti and Tohu were imprisoned and exiled to the South Island.

Economic expansion

Gold discovered in Otago

As war stalled progress in the North Island, the South Island became the mainstay of the economy. Wool made Canterbury the country’s wealthiest province and the discovery of gold in Central Otago in 1861 helped Dunedin become New Zealand’s largest town. The thousands of young men who rushed to the colony hoping to make their fortune followed the gold from Otago to the West Coast and later to Thames in the North Island. Few struck it rich, but the collective value of the gold that was discovered stimulated the economy.

These developments attracted a young, mobile and male-dominated population. But both provincial and central governments believed that long-term growth and progress depended on the order and stability offered by family life. Various schemes were developed to attract female migrants and families to New Zealand in a bid to help society mature.

The Vogel era

Like many frontier societies, New Zealand was vulnerable to the vagaries of a resource-based economy. In the late 1860s gold production fell and wool prices slipped. In 1870, Colonial Treasurer Julius Vogel responded by proposing an ambitious development programme whereby large sums would be borrowed from Britain to help British migrants settle here and speed up the purchase of Māori land. Money would be invested in ‘public works’ – infrastructure essential for economic development, such as railways, roads, bridges, port facilities and telegraph lines.

Expansion of the North Island rail network

The centrepiece of Vogel’s plan was a bold promise to build 1000 miles (1600 km) of railway lines in nine years. In the event, the 74 km of rail lines in 1870 had by 1880 expanded to 2000 km, opening up new regions to Pākehā settlement. British migrants flooded in, almost doubling the colony’s population in ten years. The Vogel era also spelt the end for the provincial governments which had largely dominated political affairs since the 1850s. New technologies had begun to chip away at the ‘tyranny of distance’ which had partially justified the formation of the provinces. Their abolition in 1876 marked a recognition that if New Zealand was to progress as a single nation there was no place for provincial parochialism.

The postwar decade was also an era of educational progress. A network of Native Schools was created to replace mission schooling of Māori; the universities of Otago and New Zealand came into being; and the 1877 Education Act set the ground rules for a colony-wide public school system.

Vogel is now seen as a nation-building visionary, but he was a controversial figure in his time. When the colony slipped into a long economic depression in 1879, many blamed his overambitious borrowing programme. Prices for farm produce fell and the market for land dried up. Unemployment grew in urban areas. Women and children were exploited and evidence emerged of sweated labour and poor working conditions in a number of industries. Questions were asked about how New Zealand should support its poor. There was no state welfare and charitable aid had proven to be insufficient.

Anti-alcohol cartoon from 1905

The hard times faced by many families led to renewed debate about the place of alcohol in New Zealand life. Liquor, it was argued, caused men to forget their responsibilities to their families. The temperance and prohibition movement gathered momentum and contributed to the emergence of a campaign for women’s suffrage. With women and children bearing the brunt of alcohol abuse, the fight to enfranchise women was seen as crucial to any real change. After a hard-fought and at times bitter debate, New Zealand women became the first in the world to gain the right to vote in national elections in 1893.

The first successful shipment of frozen meat to England in 1882 offered hope, and the new technology would eventually cement New Zealand’s place as ‘Britain's farmyard’. The ability to export large quantities of frozen meat, butter and cheese restored confidence in an economy based on agriculture and intensified the transformation of the landscape from forest to farmland.

The Liberals

Richard Seddon and his Cabinet, 1906

The 1890 election saw the end of the long-standing practice of ‘plural voting’ whereby men could vote in each electorate in which they owned property. One of the most significant in New Zealand history, it took place against the backdrop of the country’s first big nationwide strikes after workers at ports around the country walked off the job, initially in support of Australian unionists. The maritime strike caused enormous disruption to the colony’s trade and transport networks. Though class consciousness grew among some workers, the strike ended after almost three months in total defeat for the seamen and the unions allied with them.

The outcome of the 1890 election became clear when Parliament met in early 1891. Recognised as New Zealand’s first political party, the victorious Liberals were led initially by John Ballance and following his death in 1893 by the larger–than-life Richard John Seddon. ‘King Dick’ dominated the New Zealand political landscape for 13 years and the Liberals remained in power until 1912. Their economic and social reforms – and their egalitarian rhetoric – continued to shape the political agenda well into the 20th century.

Subdividing Cheviot Hills - roadside stories

The Liberals won support from urban wage-earners as well as those living in provincial towns and small farmers. As an export-led economic recovery took hold, the Liberals emphasised farming for export rather than as a means of supplementing the incomes of wage-earners living on smallholdings. Liberal land policy aimed to achieve closer settlement by small farmers by ‘bursting up’ (subdividing) the ‘big estates’, most of which were in the South Island. The Liberals’ vision for ‘God's own country' saw more Māori land acquired for settlement. Minister of Lands John McKenzie shared the common Pākehā view that much Māori land was not used for ‘productive’ purposes and was therefore ‘wasted’. When Europeans obtained land, they immediately turned it ‘to good account’. Such attitudes and policies contributed to the fact that Māori now held less than 15% of the land that had been in their possession in 1840.

Other laws designed to improve life for ‘ordinary New Zealanders’ were also introduced. The industrial arbitration system, old-age pensions, and restrictions on working hours for women and young workers led some observers to champion New Zealand as a ‘social laboratory’ and ‘working man’s paradise’.

Emerging identity

King Dick the peacemaker cannon, 1902

From 1886 the majority of non-Māori people living in New Zealand had been born here. The term ‘New Zealander’ had originally referred to Māori but now took on a new meaning. But New Zealand’s identity remained largely contained within an imperial identity. The close economic ties with Britain reinforced the loyalty of New Zealanders to an empire that secured their place in the world. Most Pākehā continued to see themselves as British and referred to Britain as ‘home’. This loyalty could be seen in New Zealand’s enthusiastic support for Britain when the Second Anglo-Boer War broke out in 1899. This was the first time New Zealand troops served overseas. Seddon proudly confirmed that the ‘crimson tie’ of Empire bound New Zealand to the ‘Mother-country’.

Federated Australia elephant

When the Commonwealth of Australia was established in 1901, New Zealand declined to become its sixth state. Federation with Australia was rejected for a number of reasons, not least because we too aspired to ‘identity, status and a grander future’. Some feared federation might put New Zealand’s social reforms at risk, while others believed we represented a better ‘type of Britisher’. Federation ultimately consolidated national identity on both sides of the Tasman and strengthened the view that New Zealand should not give up its growing independence. Symbols of nationhood emerged, including a new flag (1902) and a Coat of Arms (1911)

In 1907 New Zealand became a dominion within the British Empire. Some trumpeted what they saw as a ‘move up’ in the ‘school of British nations’, but in reality little changed. New Zealand was no more and no less independent from Britain than it had been been as a colony.

The Reform era

Premier Richard Seddon’s five consecutive election victories have never been matched. Though he tipped the scales at 130 kg, his death while returning from Australia in 1906 came as a shock to New Zealanders.

Massey memorial, Wellington

Seddon was a hard act to follow. Joseph Ward, his deputy since 1899, led the Liberals to an easy victory in the 1908 election but lacked Seddon’s appeal to workers. He was criticised for being verbose and for being too interested in his own appearance and profile. In the election of December 1911 it was clear that voters had finally grown tired of the Liberals; William Massey’s Reform Party won four more seats. The Liberals clung to power with the support of independent MPs. Ward stepped aside as leader in March 1912, but his successor Thomas Mackenzie was unable to stem the tide. On 6 July 1912 several defections in the House gave Massey the numbers to form a government.

‘Farmer Bill’ Massey

The Reform Party was supported by the many farmers who had become frustrated with the Liberals’ policy of leasing rather than selling Crown land. They were encouraged by Reform’s promise to make it possible for them to own the land they had developed. But despite his nickname, ‘Farmer Bill’ Massey also gained the support of many workers in the rapidly growing North Island towns and cities. These people wanted to ‘get ahead’ through home-ownership, white-collar employment and secondary/technical education. While Massey was a farmer, several of his Cabinet were urban businessmen or professionals. The Liberals were criticised for having manipulated the public service by dispensing patronage. To end ‘political cronyism’ and ‘jobs for the boys’, the Reform government established an independent Public Service Commissioner responsible for appointing and promoting public servants.

Martha Hill Mine and the 1912 Waihī miners’ strike

Perhaps what cemented the perception of the Reform Party as a ‘farmer’s party’ was its response to two of the major industrial disputes in New Zealand's history: the 1912 Waihī miners' strike and the 1913 waterfront and general strikes. With the country split into two irreconcilable camps, the government sided firmly with the employers in opposing industrial militancy. At the climax of a bitter six-month strike in the goldmining company town of Waihī, one of the striking workers, Fred Evans was mortally injured in a clash with police and strike-breakers. Violent clashes between unionised workers and non-union labour erupted once more during 1913 waterfront strike, after industrial action on the wharves disrupted the ability of farmers to get their products to overseas markets.

‘Massey’s Cossacks’ guard the Athenic during the 1913 strike

The Massey administration, in which Attorney-General Alexander Herdman played a key role directing Police Commissioner John Cullen, enlisted thousands of ‘special’ police, many of them farmers on horseback, to break the strike and crush militant labour. The two-month struggle involved up to 16,000 unionists across New Zealand and saw violent clashes between strikers and mounted special constables known as ‘Massey’s Cossacks’. The strike ended in December with the defeat of the United Federation of Labour.

Such actions earned Massey the ‘undying hatred of many urban workers, an enmity passed on to their children’. Conservative voters – farmers, in particular – saw Massey’s stand as firm and decisive; he had met the fiery rhetoric and ‘intimidatory tactics’ of the ‘Red Feds’ head-on and won.

New Zealand goes to war

Military cadets marching past HMS New Zealand, 1913

In 1909, Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward announced that New Zealand would fund the construction of a battlecruiser for the Royal Navy. This gesture was a response to a perceived German threat to Britain and reflected awareness that a strong British Empire was critical to New Zealand’s security. HMS New Zealand cost New Zealand taxpayers £1.7 million (equivalent to $270 million in today's money) When the ship visited the dominion in 1913 for ten weeks as part of a world tour, an estimated 500,000 New Zealanders – half the population - inspected their gift to Mother England.

The Defence Act 1909 introduced compulsory military training, with all boys aged between 12 and 14 required to complete 52 hours of physical training each year as Junior Cadets. Developing fit and healthy citizens was seen as vital to the strength of the country and the empire. The Boy Scout movement had arrived in New Zealand in 1908 with similar aims of producing patriots capable of defending the empire. Boys were taught moral values, patriotism, discipline and outdoor skills through games and activities. In the classroom the ‘three Rs’ were backed up by instruction in moral virtues and imperialistic ideals.

Mounted Rifles Regiment parading through Nelson

On 5 August 1914 word reached Wellington that the British Empire was at war. As they had done when the South African War began, New Zealand men reacted enthusiastically to the empire’s call to arms. Germany’s invasion of Belgium, another small country, struck a chord with many. Thousands signed up for service, desperate not to miss out on an event many expected to be over by Christmas. The First World War would ultimately claim the lives of 18,500 New Zealanders and wound another 41,000. To what extent it forged a sense of national identity has provoked much debate. What is certain is that previously little-known places thousands of miles from home with exotic-sounding names such as Gallipoli, Passchendaele and the Somme were forever etched in the national memory.

The First World War would have a seismic impact on New Zealand, reshaping the country’s perception of itself and its place in the world. The war took 100,000 New Zealanders overseas, most for the first time. Some anticipated a great adventure but found the reality very different. Being so far from home made these New Zealanders very aware of who they were and where they were from. They were also able to compare themselves with men from other nations, in battle and behind the lines. Out of these experiences came a sense of a separate identity.

[1] In 1962 the English historian Eric Hobsbawm outlined the case for what he described as ‘the long 19th century’. As a Marxist, Hobsbawm’s analysis was book-ended by the French Revolution of 1789 and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The American historian Peter Stearns adopted a similar approach but started in 1750 and concluded with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. These approaches recognise that historical forces and processes cannot be shoehorned into conventional periods of time such as decades and centuries. In this survey we have taken a similar approach in examining the powerful historical processes which transformed New Zealand from an exclusively Māori world into one dominated by Pākehā.

Further information

This web feature was written by Steve Watters and produced by the NZHistory.net.nz team.

Links

• Brief history of New Zealand (Te Ara)
• NZHistory topics on: Pre-1840 history; Treaty of Waitangi; New Zealand's internal wars; The Vogel era; South African War

Books

• James Belich, Making peoples, Penguin, Auckland, 1996
• James Belich,  Paradise reforged, Penguin, Auckland, 2001
• Bronwyn Dalley and Gavin McLean (eds), Frontier of dreams, Hodder Moa Beckett, Auckland, 2005
• Anne Salmond, Between worlds: early exchanges between Maori and Europeans 1773–1815, Viking, Auckland, 1997
• Michael King, Penguin History of New Zealand, Penguin, 2003

A Ngāpuhi leader, Moka Te Kainga-mataa was an original signatory of the 1835 Declaration of Independence. Moka's name – but not his signature – also appears on the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi.

Read more about him here.

This photograph shows the Waitangi marae at Te Tii in 1880, with the meeting house Te Tiriti o Waitangi (foreground) and the Waitangi Treaty memorial (right of meeting house). The photograph was taken by Josiah Martin shortly after the completion of the meeting house. The official opening of the meeting house was organised for March 1881. As one of the few surviving signatories of the Treaty of Waitangi, Aperahama Taonui was involved in its opening, and designed the planned ceremony as a statement of unity between Pākehā and Māori.

• Read the biography of Aperahama Taonui
• View an image of the Te Tii memorial

The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed on 6 February 1840. Over the next seven months, nine copies of the treaty (including the Waitangi sheet) were signed at many different locations. In some cases we know the date and place of the signing, while information about others is less definite.

When complete, Ngā Wāhi – Treaty Signing Locations will contain information about each signing occasion, and the chiefs who signed at them.

In 1840 more than 500 rangatira (chiefs) signed the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand’s founding document, an agreement between Māori and the British Crown.

When complete, Ngā tohu – treaty signatories will include biographical information on every signatory of the Treaty of Waitangi who can be identified. Some of those who signed are well-known, while the only thing we know about others is that they signed the treaty.

Most of the information about the identities of the signatories comes from two sources, Miria Simpson’s 1990 book Ngā tohu o te Tiriti: making a mark, and Claudia Orange’s books on the Treaty of Waitangi.

Much of the biographical information has come from secondary sources, including online digitised sources. In some cases this information is unclear or contradictory. Entries will be amended as we receive corrections or additional information.

We are keen to expand the information about signatories of Ngā tohu. If you can tell us more about any of them, especially those for whom we have little information, please either leave a comment on a biography page or email info@nzhistory.net.nz.

Sheet 1 — The Waitangi Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Kawiti	Te Ruki Kawiti	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hine	Bay of Islands, 13? May 1840
2	Te Tirarau	Te Tirarau Kūkupa	Ngāpuhi	Te Parawhau, Te Uri-o-Hua?	Bay of Islands, 13? May 1840
3	Pomare	Pōmare II	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Manu	Bay of Islands, 17 February 1840
4	Hone Heke	Hōne Wiremu Heke Pōkai	Ngāpuhi	Te Matarahurahu, Ngati Rāhiri, Ngāi Tāwake, Ngāti Tautahi	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
5	Hori Kingi Warerahi	Hōri Kīngi Wharerahi	Ngāpuhi	Ngāi Tawake, Ngāti Tautahi, Te Patukeha, Te Uri-o-Ngongo	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
6	Tamati Pukututu	Tāmati Pukututu	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri-o-te-Hawato, Te Uri-o-Ngongo	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
7	Hakero	Hākiro	Ngāpuhi	Ngāi Tawake, Ngāti Rēhia	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
8	Wikitene	Hikitene	Ngāti Wai?	Te Kapotai?	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
9	Pumuka	Pūmuka	Ngāpuhi, Te Roroa	Ngāti Rangi, Ngāti Pou	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
10	Marupo	Marupō	Ngāpuhi	Te Whānau Rara, Te Whānau Rongo, Matarahurahu, Ngāti Rāhiri, Ngāti Pou	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
11	Te Tao	Te Tao	Ngāpuhi	Te Kai Mata, Te Māhurehure?	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
12	Reweti Atuahaere	Te Rēweti Atuahaere	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Tautahi	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
13	Wiremu Hau	Wiremu Hau	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Te Whiu, Ngāti Pou, Ngāti Miru	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
14	Te Kaua	Te Kaua	Ngāpuhi?	Te Herepaka	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
15	Toua	Toua	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Rēhia? Te Hikutū?	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
16	Mene	Mene	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Rehia, Ngāi Tawake	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
17	Tamati Waka Nene	Tāmati Wāka Nene	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hao, Ngāti Miru, Ngāti Pou, Te Roroa	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
18	Matiu Huka?	Matiu Huka	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri-o-Ngongo	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
19	Te Kamera	Te Kēmara	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Kawa, Ngāti Hauata	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
20	Warau	Wharau	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Wai, Ngāti Tokawero	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
21	Ngere	Te Ngere	Ngāpuhi	Te Urikapana, Ngāti Wai, Te Uri Taniwha?	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
22	Patuone	Eruera Maihi Patuone	Ngāpuhi, Te Roroa	Ngāti Hao, Ngāti Pou	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
23	Paora Nohimatangi	Pāora Nohi Matangi	Ngāpuhi	Te Popoto ki Utakura	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
24	Ruhe	Ruhe	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Rangi, Ngāti Pou, Te Uri Taniwha	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
25	Kaitara Wiremu Kīngi	Kaitara Wiremu Kīngi	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hineira, Te Urikapana, Ngāti Rangi. Ngāti Pou. Te Uri Taniwha	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
26	Taura	Taura	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Hine	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
27	Taurau Kukupa	Taurau Kūkupa	Ngāpuhi	Te Parawhau	Bay of Islands, 13? May 1840
28	Teroha	Te Roha	Ngāpuhi	Te Parawhau	Bay of Islands, 13? May 1840
29	Rewa	Rewa	Ngāpuhi	Ngāi Tawake, Te Patukeha, Ngāti Tautahi, Te Uri-o-Ngongo	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
30	Moka	Moka Te Kāinga-mataa	Ngāpuhi	Te Patukeha, Ngāi Tawake, Ngāti Tautahi, Te Uri-o-Ngongo	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
31	Papahia	Pāpāhia	Te Rarawa	Te Horokuhare, Ngāti Hauā	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
32	Takiri	Tākiri	Te Rarawa? Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Nanenane?	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
33	Te Toko	Te Toko	Te Rarawa	Te Patutoka	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
34	Wiremu Tana	Wiremu Tana Pāpāhia	Te Rarawa	Te Horohukare, Ngāti Hauā	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
36	Te Tai	Ngāniho Te Tai	Te Rarawa	Ngāti Te Rēinga, Te Kaitūtae	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
37	Te Toroihua	Te Toroihua	Ngāpuhi?		Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
38	Kokeha	Te Keha	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Toki?, Te Hikutū?	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
39	Wao	Kowao or Howao	Ngāti Toa? Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Te Rā?	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
40	Takurua	Takurua	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Korokoro, Ngāti Rangi	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
41	Te Hinaki	Te Hīnaki Samuel?	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hau or Matahuruhuru	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
42	Te Totohu	Te Totohu	Ngāpuhi, Te Rarawa	Ngāti Hau, Ngāi Tūpoto	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
43	Omanu Te Wunu	Ōmanaia te whenua? or Te Totohu?	Ngāpuhi?, Te Rarawa?	Ngāti Hau?, Ngāi Tupoto	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
44	Nga manu	Ngāmanu	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hau, Te Uri o Rorokai or Ngāti Kaharau	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
45	Hiro	Hiro	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Tautahi?	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
46	Te Marama	Te Mārama	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Tautahi?	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
47	Moe Ngaherehere	Moenga-herehere	Te Rarawa?		Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
48	Mahu	Mahu	Ngāpuhi?	Te Hikutū? Ngāi Tūpoto?	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
49	Wiremu Wuna	Wiremu Wūna	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Tama, Te Uri Māhoe	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
50	Te Tawaewae	Te Tāwaewae	Ngāti Wai	Ngāti Manu	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
51	Wareumu	Te Whareumu	Ngāti Wai	Ngāti Manu, Te Uri Karaka	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
52	Makoware	Te Makoare	Ngāpuhi	Te Parawhau, Ngāti Rua-Ngaio	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
53	Te Ahu	Te Ahu Parore	Ngāpuhi	Te Parawhau, Ngāti Rua-Ngaio	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
54	Tukupunga	Tukupunga	Ngāpuhi?	Te Parawhau? Te Uriroroi? Ngāi Tāhuhu?	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
55	Hara	Hara	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri-o-Te-Hāwato, Ngāti Rangi	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
56	Hakitara	Hakitara	Te Rarawa		Waitangi, 6 February 1840
57	Hawaitu	Hawaitu Tāmati	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri-o-Te-Hāwato	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
58	Te Matatahi	Te Matataki	Ngāpuhi	Te Kapotai	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
59	Rawiri Taiwhanga	Rāwiri Taiwhanga	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Tautahi, Te Uri-o-Hua, Te Uri Taniwha, Ngāti Kura, Te Uri-o-Ngongo	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
60	Paraara	Paraara	Ngāpuhi?		Waitangi, 6 February 1840
61	Ana Hamu	Ana Hamu	Ngāpuhi?	Te Uri-o-Ngongo?	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
62	Hira Pure	Te Hira Pure	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri-o-Hua, Te Uri Taniwha	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
63	Iwi	Te Iwi	Te Rarawa, Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Rangi, Te Urikapana	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
64	Wiorau	Whiorau	Ngāpuhi	Te Whānau Rara, Ngāti Whānaurōia	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
65	Wiremu Whatipu	Wiremu Whatipū	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Whakaeke	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
66	Piripi Haurangi	Piripi Haurangi	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri Taniwha	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
67	Pokai	Riwhitete Pōkai	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Rāhiri	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
68	Te Kauwata	Te Kauwhata	Ngāti Wai		Waitangi, 6 February 1840
69	Tuirangi	Tuhirangi	Ngāpuhi	Te Matarahurahu, Ngāti Rāhiri, Ngāi Tawake	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
70	Hohepa Otene	Hōhepa Te Ōtene Pura	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri Māhoe, Te Uri Kōpura, Ngāti Tama, Te Kohatutaka, Ngāpuhi	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
71	Hori Kingi Raumati	Hōri Kīngi Raumati	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Toro, Te Ngahengahe, Te Popoto	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
72	Tuhakuaha	Tūwhakawaha	Ngāpuhi	Ngāi Tawake	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
73	Tawatanui	Tawatanui	Ngāpuhi?, Ngāti Wai?	Te Kapotai? Ngāti Tautahi? Te Uri Taniwha?	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
74	Te Rawiti	Te Rāwhiti	Ngāpuhi?	Te Uri-o-Hua?	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
75	Kuhanga	Maihi Parāone Kawiti	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hine	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
76	Paraha	Paraha	Ngāti Wai? Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hine?	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
77	Tahua	Tahua Hōri	Ngāti Wai?	Ngāti Manu, Te Uri Karaka	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
78	Te Puka	Te Puka	Ngāpuhi?		Bay of Islands, Date unknown
79	Te Koroiko	Te Korohiko	Ngāti Tūwharetoa	Ngāti Te Rangiita	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
80	Iwikau	Iwikau Te Heuheu Tūkino III	Ngāti Tūwharetoa	Ngāti Tūrumakina	Waitangi, 6 February 1840
81	Reweti Irikoe	Rēweti Irikoe	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Kuta	Waimate North, 9–10 February 1840
82	Ha Oara Ringa Patu	Pāora Kīngī Patu Matekoraha	Ngāpuhi	Te Patukoraha?	Waimate North, 9–10 February 1840
83	Haupokia	Haupōkia	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Toro?, Ngāti Rangi?	Waimate North, 9–10 February 1840
84	Mohi Tahua	Mohi Tahua	Ngāpuhi		Waimate North, 9–10 February 1840
85	Kame Kutu	Kame Kutu	Ngāpuhi		Waimate North, 9–10 February 1840
86	Rangi Tuturua	Rangi Tuturua	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri Taniwha	Waimate North, 9–10 February 1840
87	Hake	Huke	Ngāpuhi?	Te Urikapana, Te Roroa, Ngāti Pou?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
88	Reweri	Rēwiri Te Tukiata	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Korokoro?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
89	Te Pana	Te Pana Ruka	Ngāpuhi	Te Roroa	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
90	Hone Makinaihunga	Hōne Makinaihunga	Ngāpuhi	Te Pōkare, Ngāti Raukawa	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
91	Pangari	Pāngari	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Hua, Ngāti Whiu, Te Waiariki	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
92	Rangatira Pakanae?	Rangatira Moetara	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Korokoro, Te Hikutū, Ngāti Hau, Ngāi Tū	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
93	Tio	Tio	Te Rarawa, Ngāpuhi?	Te Pouka, Ngāti Hau?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
94	Karekare	Karekare	Ngāpuhi	Te Uri-o-Hau? Ngāti Hau?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
95	Tungarawa	Tungarawa	Ngāpuhi?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
96	E Paka	Paka	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Korokoro?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
97	Ware Korero	Te Wharekōrero	Ngāpuhi?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
98	Marupo	Marupō	Ngāpuhi	Te Whānau Rara, Te Whānau Rongo, Matarahurahu, Ngāti Rāhiri, Ngāti Pou	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
99	Toto	Toto	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Korokoro	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
100	Toko	Toko	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Korokoro	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
101	E Po	Pō	Ngāpuhi	Te Hikutū, Ngāti Kerewhati?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
102	Piripi Ngaromotu	Piripi Ngaromotu	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Pākau, Ngāti Wharekawa	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
103	Wiremu Ramaka	Wiremu Rāmeka	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Pākau, Ngāti Wharekawa	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
104	Wiremu Patene	Wiremu Pātene	Ngāpuhi, Te Rarawa	Te Uri-Kōpura, Te Urimāhoe, Ngāti Tama, Te Kohatutaka?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
105	Manaihi	Manaihi	Ngāpuhi?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
106	Paratene	Paratene	Ngāpuhi?	Te Uri-o-Hua?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
107	Te Hira	Te Hira	Te Rarawa?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
108	Turau	Wiremu Wāka Tūrau	Ngāpuhi, Te Roroa?	Ngāti Hao	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
109	Te Reti	Te Reti Whatiia	Te Rarawa, Ngāpuhi	Ngāi Tūpoto	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
110	Kenana	Kēnana	Ngāpuhi?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
111	Pero	Pero	Ngāpuhi	Ngāi Tūpoto, Ngāti Pākau?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
112	Te Uruti	Te Urutī	Te Rarawa, Ngāpuhi	Ngai Tūpoto	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
113	Witikama Rewa	Witikama Rewa	Ngāpuhi?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
114	Tira	Tiro	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Tama, Te Whānau Puku, Te Pōkare	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
115	Tipane Toro? / Tipa me Toro?	Tīpene Te Toro? Tīpā and Toro?	Ngāpuhi	Te Kapotai?, Ngāti Toro?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
116	Matiu	Matiu	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Tama, Te Uri-o-Rorokai, Te Uri-o-Ngongo?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
117	Kaihu	Kaihū	Ngāpuhi	Te Hikutū, Ngāti Kerewhati	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
118	Kaitoke	Kaitoke Te Whakawai	Ngāpuhi	Te Hikutū	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
119	Hua	Hua	Te Rarawa, Ngāpuhi	Ngāi Tūpoto	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
120	Kiri Kotiria	Kiri Kotiria	Ngāpuhi	Te Hikutū	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
121	Tamati Hapimana	Tāmati Hāpimana	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Matakiri?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
122	Te Kekeao Paratene	Te Kēkēao Paratene	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Matakiri, Te Uri Taniwha	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
123	Taonui	Makoare Te Taonui	Ngāpuhi	Te Popoto	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
124	Daniel Kahika	Rāniera Kahika	Ngāpuhi		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
125	Abraham Tautoru	Āperahama Taonui	Ngāpuhi	Te Popoto	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
126	Kaitoke Muriwhai	Kaitoke Muriwai	Ngāpuhi	Te Hikutū, Ngāti Pare, Ngāti Kawhare? Te Popoto?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
127	Te Naihi	Te Naihi	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Uru? Te Popoto?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
128	Tahua	Tahua Wiremu Hopihona	Ngāpuhi?	Te Popoto?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
129	Te Tuhu	Te Tuku	Ngāpuhi	Te Ihutai?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
130	Ngaro	Ngaro	Ngāpuhi?	Patupō, Ngāti Toro	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
131	Rawiri Mutu	Rāwiri Mutu	Ngāpuhi?	Te Ihutai, Ngāti Whiu, Ngāti Hua, Te Uri Taniwha?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
132	Wiremu Whangaroa	Wiremu Whangaroa	Ngāpuhi, Te Roroa	Ngāti Pou	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
133	Timoti Takari	Tīmoti Tākare	Te Roroa	Ngāti Pou	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
134	Hamiora Matangi	Hāmiora Matangi	Ngāpuhi	Te Popoto?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
135	Arama Hongi	Arama Hongi	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Uru	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
136	Haimona Tauranga	Haimona Tauranga	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Tama	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
137	Te Kure Kotoria	Te Kure Kotiria	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāi Tū?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
138	Heremaia	Heremaia Te Kurī	Ngāpuhi?	Ngai Tū?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
139	Pi	Arama Karaka Pī	Ngāpuhi	Te Māhurehure	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
140	Repa Mango	Repa Mangō	Ngāpuhi?	Matapungarehu?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
141	Maunga Rongo	Maunga Rongo	Ngāpuhi?	Ngāti Uru?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
142	Wiremu Manu	Wiremu Manu	Ngapuhi?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
143	Takahorea	Takahorea	Ngāpuhi	Ngahengahe	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
144	Wakanau	Kawau	Ngāpuhi? Te Rarawa?	Ngāti Hine?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
145	Mohi Tawai	Mohi Tāwhai	Ngāpuhi	Te Māhurehure, Te Uri Kaiwhare, Te Uri-o-te-Aho, Ngāi Tūpoto, Ngāti Hau	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
146	Timoti Mito	Tīmoti Mito	Ngāpuhi	Te Kohatutaka	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
147	Hamiora Paikoraha	Hāmiora Paikoraha	Te Roroa	Ngāti Pākau	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
148	Huna Tuheki	Huna Tūheka	Ngāpuhi	Ngāti Pākau	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
149	Pero	Pero	Ngāpuhi?		Mangungu, 12 February 1840
150	Wiremu Kingi	Wiremu Kīngi	Ngāpuhi? Te Rarawa?	Ngāti Rēhia? Ngāti Korokoro?	Mangungu, 12 February 1840
151	Wiremu Hoete	Wiremu Hoete	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
152	Hokopa	Hākopa	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
153	Te Awa	Te Awa	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
154	Te Tapuru	Te Tapuru	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
155	Te Titaha	Te Tītaha	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
156	Kahu Kote	Te Karamū Kahukoti	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
157	Ruinga	Hōri Pōkai Te Ruinga	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
158	Hohepa	Hōhepa	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
159	Pouroto	Pātara Pouroto	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
160	Inoka	Ēnoka	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
161	Hinaki	Te Hīnaki	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
162	Keka	Keha	Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Naho		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
163	Paora	Pāora Tūhaere?/Pāora Te Putu?	Ngāti Whātua?/Ngāti Tamaterā?, Te Patukirikiri?, Ngāti Whanaunga?		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
164	Mohi	Mohi Te Harere?/Mohi Te Ahi-ā-Te-Ngū?	Ngāti Pāoa?/Ngāti Tamaoho?	Te Ākitai?	Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
165	Anaru	Anaru	Ngāti Pāoa?		Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
166	Waitangi	Waitangi			Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
167	William Korokoro	William Korokoro	Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Wai, Te Parawhau	Ngai Tāwake, Te Kapotai, Ngare Raumati	Karaka Bay, 4 March 1840
168	Nopera Panakarao	Nōpera Pana-kareao	Te Rarawa	Te Pātū	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
169	Paora Ngaruwe	Parāone Ngāruhe	Te Aupōuri		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
170	Wiremu Wirihana	Wiremu Wirihana	Te Rarawa?		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
171	Rimu	Rimu	Te Rarawa?		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
172	Himiona Tangata	Himiona Tangata	Te Rarawa?		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
173	Matenga Paerata	Mātenga Paerata	Te Rarawa	Te Patukoraha	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
174	Rapata Wakahoho	Rāpata Whakahoki	Te Rarawa?		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
175	Hare Popata Waha	Hāre Pōpata Wāka	Te Rarawa, Ngāti Kahu	Kaitote, Te Patukoraha, Ngāi Taranga	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
176	Tana	Te Wheinga Taua	Te Rarawa?	Te Pātū	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
178	Matiu Huhu	Matiu Huhu	Te Aupōuri, Te Rarawa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
179	Tokitahi	Tokitahi			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
180	Paratene Waiora	Paratene Waiora	Te Aupōuri		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
181	Rapiti Rehurehu	Rāpiti Rehurehu	Te Rarawa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
182	Koroneho Pupu	Koroneho Pūpū			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
183	Piripi Raorao	Piripi Raorao			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
184	Kopa	Kopa/Kapa	Te Aupōuri		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
185	Meinata Hongi	Meinata Hongi			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
186	Otopi	Ōtopi			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
187	Paetai	Paetai			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
188	Marama?/Maiapia?	Mārama	Te Rarawa?	Ngāi Takoto?	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
189	Paratene Karuhuri	Paratene Karuhuri			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
190	Tamati Pawau	Tāmati Pāwau			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
191	Rehana Teira	Reihana Teira	Te Rarawa?	Te Patukoraha	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
192	Watene Patonga	Wātene Pātonga			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
193	Wiremu Ngarae	Wiremu Ngārae			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
194	Hohepa Poutama	Hōhepa Poutama			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
195	Harematenga Kawa	Hāre Mātenga Kawa	Te Rarawa?	Te Patukoraha?	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
196	Kingi Kohuru	Kīngi Kōhuru			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
197	Matiu Tauhara	Matiu Tauhara	Te Rarawa, Ngāti Kahu, Te Roroa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
198	Hamiona Potaka	Hāmiona Pōtaka			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
199	Huwatahi	Huatahi Hētaraka	Ngāti Kurī?		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
200	Marakae Mawae	Marakai Māwai			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
201	Utika Hu	Utika Hu			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
202	Hare Huru	Hāre Huru	Ngāti Kahu?, Te Aupōuri?, Ngāpuhi?	Parapuwha	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
203	Tamati Mutawa	Tāmati Mūtawa			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
204	Hauona	Hauona/Hauora			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
205	Tomo	Tomo			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
206	Puhipi	Pūhipi Te Ripi	Te Rarawa	Te Pukepoto	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
207	Ereonora	Ereonora	Te Rarawa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
208	Poau	Pōau/Pōari Te Māhanga	Te Rarawa	Te Pukepoto	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
209	Rawiri	Rāwiri	Te Rarawa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
210	Kepa Waha	Kepa Waha			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
211	Koroniria Nuau	Koroniria Nuau			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
212	Ngare	Ngare			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
213	Hamiora Tawari	Hāmiora Tāwari			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
214	Witi	Witi/Te Whiti	Te Rarawa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
215	Ruanui	Ruanui			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
216	Haunui	Haunui			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
217	Kuri	Kurī	Te Aupōuri, Te Rarawa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
218	Kawaraki	Kawaraki			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
219	Rawiri Awarau	Rāwiri Awarau	Te Rarawa	Te Patukoraha	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
220	Ru	Rū			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
221	Papanui	Papanui			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
222	Hakaraia Kohanga	Hākaraia Kōhanga			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
223	Kawaheitiki	Kawaheitiki			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
224	Pera Kamukamu	Apera Kamukamu			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
225	Karaka Kawau	Karaka Te Kawau	Te Rarawa	Te Pātū	Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
226	Paora Hoi	Pāora Te Hoi			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
227	Himiona Waiuora	Himiona Waeuone			Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
228	Aperahama	Āperahama Morenui	Te Rarawa		Kaitāia, 28 April 1840
229	Te Tara	Te Tara	Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Wai?	Ngāti Manu	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
229	Te Tara	Te Tara	Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Wai?	Ngāti Manu	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
230	Pihere	Pīhere	Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Wai?	Ngāti Manu	Bay of Islands probably, Date unknown
230	Pihere	Pīhere	Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Wai?	Ngāti Manu	Bay of Islands, Date unknown
231	Karamu	Karamū	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay?, 9 July 1840
232	Kupenga	Te Kupenga	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay?, 9 July 1840
233	Ngahuka	Ngāhuka	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay?, 9 July 1840
234	Te Rangi	Te Rangi	Ngāpuhi?	Parapuwha?	Karaka Bay?, 9 July 1840
235	Nga Manu	Ngāmanu	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay?, 9 July 1840
236	Raro Manu	Raro Manu	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay?, 9 July 1840
237	Te Hangi	Te Hangi	Ngāti Pāoa		Karaka Bay?, 9 July 1840
238	Hake	Hake	Ngāpuhi	Te Urikapana	Russell, 5 August 1840
239	Kanawa	Kanawa	Ngāpuhi	Te Urikapana, Ngāti Hauata	Russell, 5 August 1840
240	Kaniwa	Kauwa			Russell, 5 August 1840

Sheet 2 — The Manukau-Kāwhia Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Te Kawau	Āpihai Te Kawau	Ngāti Whātua	Te Taoū, Ngā Oho	Manukau, 20 March 1840
2	Te Tinana	Ihikiera Te Tinana	Ngāti Whātua	Te Taoū	Manukau, 20 March 1840
3	Te Reweti	Rēweti Tamahiki	Ngāti Whātua	Ngā Oho	Manukau, 20 March 1840
4	Rawiri	Rāwiri	Ngāpuhi		Kāwhia, 28 April 1840
5	Te Kanawa	Te Kanawa	Waikato	Ngāti Mahuta	Kāwhia, 21 May 1840
6	Tariki	Tariki	Ngāti Maniapoto		Kāwhia, 21 May 1840
7	Haupokia	Haupōkia Te Pakaru	Ngāti Maniapoto		Kāwhia, 21 May 1840
8	Te Waru	Hōri Te Waru	Waikato	Ngāti Te Apakura	Kāwhia, 25 May 1840
9	Taunui	Taonui Hīkaka	Waikato, Ngāti Maniapoto	Ngāti Rōra	Kāwhia, 15 June 1840
10	Hone Waitere Te Aoturoa	Hōne Waitere Te Aoturoa	Waikato	Ngāti Te Wehi, Ngāto Paiaka	Kāwhia, 15 June 1840
11	Te Matenga, Te Wahapu	Te Mātenga			Kāwhia, 15 June 1840
12	Ngamotu	Ngāmotu	Ngāti Maniapoto?		Kāwhia, 27 August 1840
13	Warekaua	Wharekawa	Waikato?		Kāwhia, 3 September 1840

Sheet 3 — The Waikato-Manukau Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Paengahuru	Paengahuru	Waikato	Ngāti Tipā	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
2	Kiwi Ngarau	Kiwi Ngārau	Waikato	Ngāti Tahinga	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
3	Te Paki	Hōne Wētere Te Paki	Waikato	Ngāti Ngau Ngau	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
4	Ngapaka	Ngāpaka	Waikato	Ngāti Tipā	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
5	Kukutai	Pāora Kūkūtai	Waikato	Ngāti Tipā	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
6	Te Ngoki	Te Ngohi	Ngāti Maniapoto?		Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
7	Muriwenua	Muriwhenua	Ngāti Hauā		Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
8	Te Pakaru	Te Pakaru	Ngāti Maniapoto		Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
9	Waraki	Nūtoni Te Waraki	Ngāti Maniapoto		Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
10	Kiwi (Te Roto)	Kiwi Te Roto	Waikato	Ngāti Māhuta	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
11	Te Paerata	Te Paerata	Waikato	Ngāti Pou	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
12	Te Katipa	Te Kātipa	Waikato	Ngāti Pou	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
13	Maikuku	Maikūkū	Waikato	Ngāti Te Ata	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
14	Aperahama Ngakainga	Āperahama Ngākāinga	Waikato	Ngāti Te Ata	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
15	Hoana Riutoto	Hoana Riutoto	Waikato	Ngāti Mahuta	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
16	Te Wairakau	Te Wairākau	Waikato	Ngāti Te Ata	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
17	Hako	Hakiwaka	Waikato?	Ngāti Te Wehi	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
18	Wiremu Te Awa-i-taia	Wiremu Nēra Te Awa-i-tāia	Waikato	Ngāti Māhanga	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
19	Tuneu Ngawaka	Tūnui Ngāwaka	Waikato	Ngāti Tāhinga	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
20	Kemura Wareroa	Kāmura Whareroa	Waikato	Ngāti Tāhinga	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
21	Pohepohe	Pohepohe	Ngāti Hauā		Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
22	Pokawa Rawhirawhi	Pōkawa Rawhirawhi	Ngāti Hauā		Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
23	Te Puata	Te Pūata	Waikato	Ngāti Ruru	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
24	Te Mokorau	Te Mokoroa	Waikato	Ngāti Ruru	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
25	Pungarehu	Pungarehu	Waikato	Ngāti Apakura	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
26	Pohotukia	Pohotukia	Waikato	Ngāti Apakura	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
27	Te Keha	Te Keha	Waikato	Ngāti Naho	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
28	Te Wharepu	Te Wharepū	Waikato	Ngāti Hine	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
29	Te Kanawa	Te Kanawa	Waikato	Ngāti Hine	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
30	Te Whata	Te Whata	Waikato	Ngāti Tīpā	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
31	Ngawaka (Te Ao)	Ngāwaka Te Ao-o-te-rangi	Waikato	Ngāti Hourua	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
32	Peehi	Peehi	Waikato	Ngāti Ruru	Waikato Heads, Late March or early April 1840
33	Wiremu Ngawaro	Wiremu Ngāwaro	Waikato	Ngāti Te Ata	Manukau Harbour, 26 April 1840
34	Hone Kingi	Hōne Kīngi	Waikato	Ngāti Te Ata	Manukau Harbour, 26 April 1840
35	Ko te ta Wha	Te Tawa	Waikato	Ngāti Te Ata	Manukau Harbour, 26 April 1840
36	Tamati	Tāmati	Waikato?		Manukau Harbour, 26 April 1840
37	Rabata Waiti	Rāpata Waiti	Waikato?		Manukau Harbour, 26 April 1840
38	Te Awarahi	Te Kātipa Te Awarahi	Waikato	Ngāti Te Ata	Manukau Harbour, 26 April 1840
39	Rehurehu	Rehurehu	Waikato?		Manukau Harbour, 26 April 1840

Sheet 4 — The Printed Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Te Uira	Te Uira	Waikato	Ngāti Pou	Waikato, Date unknown
2	Ngahu	Ngāhu	Waikato	Ngāti Pou	Waikato, Date unknown
3	Rahiri	Rāhiri	Waikato	Ngāti Mariu?	Waikato, Date unknown
4	Te Noke	Te Noke	Waikato	Ngāti Te Wehi	Waikato, Date unknown
5	Te Wera	Te Wera	Waikato	Ngāti Mariu?	Waikato, Date unknown

Sheet 5 — The Tauranga Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Te Whanake	Ēnoka Te Whanake	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
2	Huitao	Huitao	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
3	Tamaiwhahia	Tama-i-wāhia	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
4	Te Hui	Te Hui	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
5	Te paetui	Te Paetui / Te Paetai	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
6	Te Kou	Te Kou-o-Rehua	Ngāti Pūkenga		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
7	Reko	Reko	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
8	Tari	Tari	Ngāi Te Rangi	Ngāi Tukairangi?	Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
9	Te matatahuna	Te Matatāhuna	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
10	Te Konikoni	Te Konikoni	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
11	Tanarumia	Tanarumia	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
12	Nuka	Nuka Taipari	Ngāi Te Rangi	Ngāti Hē	Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
13	Te Tutahi	Te Tūtahi	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
14	Te Pohoi	Te Pōhoi	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
15	Putarahi	Putarahi	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
16	Pikitia	Pikitia	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
17	Te Mako	Te Mako	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
18	Te Peika	Te Peika	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
19	Kapa	Kapa	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
20	Te haere roa	Te Haereroa	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840
21	Hoani Aneta	Hoani Āneta	Ngāi Te Rangi		Tauranga, 10 April-May 1840

Sheet 6 — The Bay of Plenty (Fedarb) Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Tautoru	Tautoru	Te Whakatōhea	Ngāi Tamahaua, Ngāti Ngahere	Ōpōtiki, 27-28 May 1840
2	Takahi	Takahi	Te Whakatōhea	Te Ūpokorehe	Ōpōtiki, 27-28 May 1840
3	Aporotanga	Te Awanui Āporotanga	Te Whakatōhea	Ngāti Rua	Ōpōtiki, 27-28 May 1840
4	Rangimatanuku	Rangimātānuku	Te Whakatōhea	Ngāti Rua	Ōpōtiki, 27-28 May 1840
5	Rangihaerepo	Rangihaerepō	Te Whakatōhea	Te Ūpokorehe, Ngāi Tamahaua	Ōpōtiki, 27-28 May 1840
6	Ake	Wī Akeake	Te Whakatōhea	Te Ūpokorehe	Ōpōtiki, 27-28 May 1840
7	Wakiia	Wakiia	Te Whakatōhea		Ōpōtiki, 27-28 May 1840
8	Putiki	Pūtiki	Ngāi Tai		Tōrere, 11 June 1840
9	Rangihuataki	Rangihuatahi	Ngāi Tai		Tōrere, 11 June 1840
10	Haupururangi	Te Aopururangi	Te Whānau-a-Apanui	Te Whānau-a-Te Ehutu	Te Kaha, 14 June 1840
11	Hahiwaru	Te Ahiwaru	Te Whānau-a-Apanui	Te Whānau-a-Te Ehutu	Te Kaha, 14 June 1840
12	Haomarama	Te Aomārama	Te Whānau-a-Apanui	Te Whānau-a-Te Ehutu, Ngāti Rahiri?	Te Kaha, 14 June 1840
13	Warau	Te Wharau	Te Whānau-a-Apanui	Te Whānau-a-Te Ehutu	Te Kaha, 14 June 1840
14	Na Taku	Nā Taku	Ngāi Tai?		Tōrere, 14 June 1840
15	Tautari	Tautari	Ngāti Awa	Ngāti Pūkeko, Ngāti Tonu	Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
16	Mokai	Mōkai	Ngāti Awa?	Ngāti Pūkeko?	Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
17	Mato	Mato	Ngāti Awa?		Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
18	Tarawatewate	Tuarāwhati	Ngāti Awa?		Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
19	Tunui	Tūnui	Ngāti Awa	Ngāti Pūkeko	Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
20	Taupiri	Taupiri	Ngāti Awa	Ngāti Pūkeko?	Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
21	Haukakawa	Haukākawa	Ngāti Awa?		Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
22	Piariari	Pīariari	Ngāti Awa?		Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
23	Matatehokia	Matatēhokia	Ngāti Awa?		Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
24	Rewa	Rewa	Ngāti Awa?		Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
25	Tupara	Tūpara	Ngāti Awa?	Ngāti Pūkeko?	Whakatāne, 16 June 1840
26	Mokai	Mōkai	Ngāti Awa?	Ngāti Pūkeko?	Whakatāne, 16 June 1840

Sheet 7 — The Herald (Bunbury) Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Te Horeta te Taniwha	Te Hōreta Te Taniwha	Ngāti Whanaunga	Te Mateawa	Coromandel, 4 May 1840
2	Kitahi	Kītahi Te Taniwha	Ngāti Whanaunga, Ngāti Pāoa	Te Mateawa	Coromandel, 4 May 1840
3	Puakanga	Puakanga	Ngāti Whanaunga?		Coromandel, 4 May 1840
4	Hauauru	Hauāuru	Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Whanaunga		Coromandel, 4 May 1840
5	Purahi	Te Pūnahi	Ngāti Maru		Mercury Island, 7 May 1840
6	Ngataiaepa	Ngātaiāepa	Ngāti Pāoā	Te Rapupō	Mercury Island, 7 May 1840
7	Iwikau	Iwikau	Ngāi Tahu	Ngāti Rangiāmoa	Akaroa, 30 May 1840
8	John Love	Hone Tīkao	Ngāi Tahu	Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri	Akaroa, 30 May 1840
9	John Touwaick	Hone Tūhawaiki	Ngāi Tahu, Ngāti Mamoe	Ngāti Ruahikihiki	Ruapuke, 10 June 1840
10	Kaikoura	Kaikoura Whakatau	Ngāi Tahu		Ruapuke, 10 June 1840
11	Taiaroa/Tararoa	Hori Kerei Taiaroa	Ngāi Tahu		Ruapuke, 10 June 1840
12	John Karitai	Hone Karetai	Ngāi Tahu	Ngāti Ruahikihiki, Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Hinekura	Otago Heads, 13 June 1840
13	Korako	Kōrako	Ngāi Tahu	Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Huirapa	Otago Heads, 13 June 1840
14	Maui Pu	Māui Pū	Ngāti Toa?		Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
15	Eka Hare	Eka Hare	Ngāti Toa?		Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
16	Puke	Puke	Ngāti Toa?		Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
17	Nohorua	Nohorua	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Kimihia?	Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
18	Waiti	Te Whāiti	Ngāti Toa?		Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
19	Te Wi	Riwai Matene Te Wi/Mātene Te Whiwhi?	Ngāti Toa? Ngāti Tama?		Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
20	Te Kanai	Te Kanae	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Awhai-a-Te-Hau?	Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
21	Pukeko	Pūkeko	Ngāti Toa?		Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
22	Kaikoura	Kaikoura	Ngāti Toa?		Cloudy Bay, 17 June 1840
23	Te Rauparaha	Te Rauparaha	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Rākau, Ngāti Kimihia	Mana Island, 19 June 1840
24	Rangihaeata	Te Rangihaeata	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Kimihia, Ngāti Te Maunu, Ngāti Kōata, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Rākau	Mana Island, 19 June 1840
25	Te Hapuku	Te Hāpuku (Te Ikanui-o-te-moana)	Ngāti Te Whatu-i-āpiti, Ngāti Kahungunu	Ngāti Te Rangi-ko-ia-anake	Hawke's Bay, 24 June 1840
26	Waikato	Waikato	Ngāti Kahungunu	Ngāti Te Whatu-i-apiti	Hawke's Bay, 24 June 1840
27	Mahikai	Harawira Mahikai	Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Te Whatu-i-apiti		Hawke's Bay, 24 June 1840

Sheet 8 — The Cook Strait (Henry Williams) Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Tuarau	Tuarau	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Tawhirikura	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
2	Te Hiko-o-te-rangi	Te Hiko-o-te-rangi	Ngāti Toa, Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Te Manu	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
3	Tungia	Tūngia	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Te Maunu	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
4	Kahe	Kahe Te Rau-o-te-rangi	Ngāti Toa		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
6	Matangi	Matangi	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Te Whiti	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
7	Te Tarenga Kuri	Te Kāeaea/Te Taringa Kurī	Ngāti Tama		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
8	Te Whakakeko	Noa Te Whakakeko	Ngāti Tama		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
9	Porutu	Te Rira Porutu	Te Āti Awa	Te Matehou?	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
10	Ngatata	Ngātata-i-te-rangi	Te Āti Awa, Taranaki	Ngāti Te Whiti	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
11	Te Puakawe	Te Puakawe	Te Āti Awa	Te Matehou?	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
12	Napuna	Mohi Ngaponga	Taranaki	Ngāti Haumia	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
13	Wairarapa	Wiremu Kīngi Wairarapa	Te Āti Awa	Te Matehou	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
14	Mohiroa	Te Ropiha Moturoa	Te Āti Awa	Te Matehou	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
15	Te Tute	Hone Tutenuku?	Te Āti Awa?	Ngāti Tawhirikura?	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
16	Ingo	Takutu Ingo	Te Āti Awa	Te Matehou	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
17	Paka	Pākau	Te Āti Awa?	Ngāti Tawhirikura?	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
18	Te Wakatauranga	Te Wakatauranga/Te Whakatauranga?	Ngāti Tama		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
19	Hore	Hori Pakihi	Ngāti Tama?	Ngāti Rangi?	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
20	Pani	Pani	Ngāti Tama	Ngāti Rongonui	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
21	Rawi	Rawi			Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
22	Kopiri	Hohepa Kōpiri	Te Āti Awa	Te Matehou	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
23	Whanga	Whanga	Ngāti Tama		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
24	Ngapapa	Te Keepa Ngāpapa	Ngāti Tama		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
25	Reihana Reweti	Reihana Rēweti	Ngāpuhi?		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
26	Patuhiki	Patuhiki	Te Āti Awa?		Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
27	Te Huka	Te Huka			Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
28	Te Kahu	Te Iwi-Kahu	Te Āti Awa	Te Matehou	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
29	Kopeka	Harawira Kōpeka	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Tawhirikura	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
30	Rerewa	Rerewa	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Tawhirikura	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
31	Te Puni	Hōniana Te Puni-kokopu	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Te Whiti, Ngāti Tawhirikura	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
32	Tuhatu	Tūhoto (Moengarangātira)	Te Ati Awa	Ngāti Tawhirikura	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
33	Pakewa	Pākewa	Te Āti Awa?	Puketapu?	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
34	Popuka	Popuka	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Te Whiti, Ngāti Tawhirikura	Port Nicholson, 29 April 1840
35	Toheroa	Toheroa	Ngāti Tama, Te Āti Awa?	Ngāti Komako	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
36	Rewa	Rewa	Ngāi Tahu		Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
37	Watino	Whatimo	Te Āti Awa?		Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
38	Te Tupe	Eruini Te Tupe	Te Ati Awa	Ngāti Rāhiri	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
39	Tiaho	Tiaho			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
40	Tikaukau	Tī Kaukau	Ngāti Tama?		Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
41	Te Orakaka	Te Orakaka			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
42	Tuterapouri	Tu-Te-Rā-Pourī			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
43	Te Tirarau	Te Tirarau Kukupa	Ngāti Mutunga	Ngāti Hinetuhi	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
44	Ngaoranga	Ngā-oranga			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
45	Hone	Hōne Ropoama Te One	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Tuaho, Ngāti Hinga	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
46	Inana	Īnanga			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
47	Kaparangi	Kaparangi	Ngāti Rārua?		Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
48	Tapotuku	Tapotuku			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
49	Huriwenua	Huriwhenua	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Rahiri	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
50	Taukina	Paora Taukina	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Rahiri	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
51	Iwikau	Pitama Te Iwikau	Te Āti Awa?		Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
52	Punga	Punga			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
53	Te Rangowaka	Te Rangowaka			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
54	Nga Kirikiri	Ngā Kirikiri			Queen Charlotte Sound, 5 May 1840
55	Potiki	Wiremu Pōtiki	Ngāi Tahu, Ngāti Waitaha	Ngāti Ruahikihiki	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
56	Nga Taraheke	Ngā Taraheke			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
57	Anara	Ānaru			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
58	Pikau	Pīkau	Ngāti Toa?	Ngāti Te Maunu? Ngāti Kuri?	Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
59	Te Uapiki	Te Uapiki	Te Āti Awa		Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
60	Maru	Maru			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
61	Karaka	Karaka			Queen Charlotte Sound, 4-5 May 1840
62	Te Wetu	Te Whetū	Ngāti Raukawa	Ngāti Te Ihi Ihi	Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
63	Pari	Pari			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
64	Taropiko	Taropiko			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
65	Te Patete	Turi Te Pātete	Ngāti Kōata		Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
66	Te Rangiahua	Te Rangiahua			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
67	Tahanui	Tahanui			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
68	Orokaka	Orokaka			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
69	Toitoi	Toitoi	Ngāti Toa?		Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
70	Te Muho	Te Muho/Te Mako	Ngati Kōata?		Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
71	Te Ipukohu	Te Ipukohu			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
72	Te Tihi	Te Tihi Tawhirikura			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
73	Huia	Huia			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
74	Nukumai	Nukumai			Rangitoto, 11 May 1840
75	Te Rauparaha	Te Rauparaha	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Kimihia	Kapiti?, 14 May 1840
76	Katu	Tāmihana Te Rauparaha	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Kimihia	Kapiti?, 14 May 1840
77	Te Wiwi	Hēnare Mātene Te Whiwhi	Ngāti Raukawa	Ngāti Huia, Ngāti Kikopiri	Kapiti?, 14 May 1840
78	Topeora	Rangi Te Kuini Topeora	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Te Maunu, Ngāti Kimihia	Kapiti?, 14 May 1840
79	Te Ruru	Āperahama Te Ruru	Ngāti Raukawa	Ngāti Huia	Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
80	Matia	Matia Matenga	Ngāti Raukawa	Ngāti Pare	Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
81	Kiharoa	Te Moroati Kiharoa	Ngāti Raukawa	Ngāti Pane, Ngāti Turanga	Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
82	Te Puke	Kīngi Hōri Te Puke	Ngāti Raukawa	Ngāti Pare, Ngāti Waihurehia	Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
83	Toremi	Horomona Toremi	Ngāti Raukawa, Rangitāne		Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
84	Te Ahoaho	Kīngi Te Ahoaho	Ngāti Raukawa?		Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
85	Tahurangi	Ihākara Tahurangi			Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
86	Kehu	Te Kehu (Te Whetu-o-te-ao)	Te Āti Awa		Ōtaki?, 19 May 1840
87	Te Hakeke	Kawana Hunia Te Hākeke	Rangitāne, Ngāti Apa, Muaūpoko, Ngā Ariki, Ngāi Tapuiti	Ngāti Kura, Ngāti Kitohu, Ngāti Maikuku, Ngāti Pouwhenua	Tawhirihoe, 21 May 1840
88	Taumaru	Hamuera Taumaru	Ngāti Apa		Tawhirihoe, 21 May 1840
89	Mahi	Mohi Mahi	Ngāti Apa		Tawhirihoe, 21 May 1840
90	Te Ota	Wiremu Te Ota	Rangitāne, Ngāti Kahungunu	Ngāti Pākau, Ngāti Te Upokoiri, Ngāti Hinemanu, Ngāti Tumania?	Manawatū, 26 May 1840
91	Paturoa	Rawiri Paturoa	Te Paneiri, Ngāti Te Upokoiri		Manawatū, 26 May 1840
92	Te Tohe	Te Tohe	Ngāti Te Upokoiri?		Manawatū, 26 May 1840
93	Te Wetu	Te Whetū	Ngāti Raukawa?	Ngāti Te Ihi Ihi?	Manawatū, 26 May 1840
94	Tauheke	Taueka	Ngāti Apa	Muaūpoko	Manawatū, 26 May 1840
95	Pakau	Wi Hape Pākau	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Te Whiti, Ngāti Tawhirikura, Ngāti Te Waiponga	Manawatū, 26 May 1840
96	Witiopai	Whitiopai	Ngāti Raukawa		Manawatū, 26 May 1840
97	Reretauwangawanga	Te Rere-tā-whangawhanga	Te Āti Awa	Manukorihi	Waikanae, 16 May 1840
98	Witi	Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitāke	Te Āti Awa	Ngāti Kura, Ngāti Mutunga	Waikanae, 16 May 1840
99	Te Patukekeno	Te Patu-kēkino	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
100	Ngaraurekau	Ngā-raurēkau	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
101	Te Heke	Te Heke	Te Āti Awa	Patupo	Waikanae, 16 May 1840
102	Tuamane	Tuainane	Te Āti Awa		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
103	Ngapuke	Ngāpuke/Ngāpaki	Te Āti Awa? Ngāti Raukawa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
104	Te Patukakariki	Wiremu Te Patu-kākāriki	Te Āti Awa, Ngāti Toa?	Ngāti Tuaho, Ngāti Tihina?	Waikanae, 16 May 1840
105	Ngakaue	Ngākanae?			Waikanae, 16 May 1840
106	Pukerangiora	Puke-rangiora			Waikanae, 16 May 1840
107	Kukutai	Paora Kūkūtai	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
108	Koinaki	Koinaki	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
109	Raranga	Raranga	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
110	Hohepa Matahau	Matahau	Ngāti Raukawa		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
111	Kiha	Kiha	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
112	Hiangarere	Hiangarere	Te Āti Awa		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
113	Hurerua	Urerua?	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
114	Te Wehi	Te Wehi	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
115	Pehi	Pēhi	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
116	Ketetakere	Kete-takere	Te Āti Awa?		Waikanae, 16 May 1840
117	Te Anaua	Hōrī Kīngi Te Anaua	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi	Ngāti Ruaka	Whanganui, 23 May 1840
118	Tawito	Kāwana Pitiroi Paipai	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi	Ngāti Ruaka	Whanganui, 23 May 1840
119	Te Mawae	Te Māwae	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi	Ngāti Ruaka	Whanganui, 23 May 1840
120	Rere	Rere-ō-maki	Te Ati Haunui-a-Pāpārangi, Te Arawa	Ngāti Ruaka	Whanganui, 23 May 1840
121	Te Tauri	Wiremu Eruera Te Tauri	Ngāti Te Rangi-ita, Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi		Whanganui, 23 May 1840
122	Rore	Rore	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi?		Whanganui, 23 May 1840
123	Turoa	Te Peehi Tūroa	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi		Whanganui, 23 May 1840
124	Taka	Taka	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi?		Whanganui, 23 May 1840
125	Kurawatiia	Kurawatiia	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi?		Whanganui, 23 May 1840
126	Te Rangiwakarurua	Te Rangiwhakarurua	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi		Whanganui, 23 May 1840
127	Uripo	Uripō	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi?		Whanganui, 31 May 1840
128	Te Hiko	Te Hiko-o-te-rangi	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi?		Whanganui, 31 May 1840
129	Takaterangi	Takarangi	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi		Whanganui, 31 May 1840
130	Pakoro	Te Pēhi Pakoro Turoa	Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi		Whanganui, 31 May 1840
131	Te Rangihiroa	Te Rangihīroa	Ngāti Toa	Ngāti Te Maunu	Motungārara, 4 June 1840
132	Te Ohu	Te Ohu	Te Āti Awa? Ngāti Toa?		Motungārara, 4 June 1840

Sheet 9 — The East Coast Sheet

Sign order	Signed as	Probable Name	Tribe	Hapū	Signing Occasion
1	Manutahi	Kemara Manutahi	Rongowhakaata	Ngāti Maru	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
2	Mangere	Te Waaka Māngere	Rongowhakaata	Ngāti Kaipoho	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
3	Turangi Potiti	Paratene Tūrangi	Rongowhakaata	Ngāi Tawhiri, Ngāi Te Kete	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
4	Turuki	Te Tūruki	Rongowhakaata	Ngāti Maru	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
5	Maronui	Maronui	Rongowhakaata	Ngāti Kaipoho	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
6	Te Urimaitai	Ūiramaitai		Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
7	Te Kaingakiore	Te Kaingakiore	Rongowhakaata	Ngāi Tahupo, Ngāti Kaipoho	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
8	Tauamanaia	Tauāmanaia	Rongowhakaata		Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
9	Tuwarakihi	Tūwarakihi	Rongowhakaata		Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
10	Eruera Wna	Eruera Wina	Ngāpuhi?		Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
11	Ma te nga Tukareaho	Mātenga Tūkareaho	Ngāti Kahungunu	Ngāti Rākaipaaka	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
13	Ko Paia te Rangi	Paia-te-rangi	Rongowhakaata	Ngāti Maru	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
14	Tuhura	Tūhura	Rongowhakaata	Ngāti Maru	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
15	Mahuika	Wi Mahuika	Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki	Ngā Pōtiki	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
16	Tutapaturangi	Tūtapatūrangi/Tu-te-pakihi-rangi	Ngāti Kahungunu	Te Aitanga-ā-whare	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
17	Te Hore	Te Hori	Rongowhakaata, Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki		Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
18	Te Panepane	Te Panepane	Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata		Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
19	Titirangi	Rawiri Tītīrangi	Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki	Ngāti Wahia, Ngāti Matepu	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
20	Te Pakaru	Enoka Te Pakaru	Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki	Te Whānau-a-Taupara	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
21	Te Wareana	Te Whareana	Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata?		Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
22	Tawarau	Tawarau	Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki	Te Whānau-a-Taupara, Te Whānau-a-Kai	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
23	Wakahingatu	Whakahingatū	Rongowhakaata		Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
24	Aera Te Eke	Rāwiri Te Eke	Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti	Ngāti Oneone	Tūranga, 5-12 May 1840
25	Ranguia	Nōpera Te Rangiūia	Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti		Ūawa, 16-17 May 1840
26	Parekahika	Pare-kahika	Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti		Ūawa, 16-17 May 1840
27	Te Tore	Te Tore	Ngāti Matepu?		Ūawa, 16-17 May 1840
28	Te Mimiopaoa	Te Mimi-ō-Pāoa	Ngāti Porou, Rongowhakaata		Whakawhitira Waiapu, 25-31 May 1840
29	Rangiwakataetae	Rangiwhakatātae	Ngāti Porou		Whakawhitira Waiapu, 25-31 May 1840
30	Tutaepa	Tūtāepa	Ngāti Porou		Whakawhitira Waiapu, 25-31 May 1840
31	Rangiwai	Rangiwai	Ngāti Porou		Whakawhitira Waiapu, 25-31 May 1840
32	Takatua/Pakatua	Takatua	Ngāti Porou		Whakawhitira Waiapu, 25-31 May 1840
33	Te Kauruoterangi	Te Kauru-o-te-rangi	Ngāti Porou		Whakawhitira Waiapu, 25-31 May 1840
35	David Rangikatia	Rawiri Rangikatia	Ngāti Porou		Rangitukia Waiapu, 1 June 1840
36	Koiauruterangi	Rauru-te-rangi	Ngāti Porou		Rangitukia Waiapu, 1 June 1840
37	Awarau	Awarau	Ngāti Porou		Rangitukia Waiapu, 1 June 1840
38	Tamaiwakanehu	Tama-i-whakanehua-i-te-rangi	Ngāti Porou	Te Whānau-a-Ruataupare, Te Whānau-a-Te-Ao	Tokomaru, 9 June 1840
39	Te Potae	Enoka Te Pōtae-aute	Ngāti Porou	Te Whānau-a-Ruataupare, Te Whānau-a-Te-Poriro	Tokomaru, 9 June 1840
40	Tamitere	Tāmitere Tokomaru	Ngāti Porou	Te Whānau-a-Ruataupare	Tokomaru, 9 June 1840
41	Te Mokopuorongo	Paratene Te Mokopūōrongo	Ngāti Porou	Te Whānau-a-Ruataupare	Tokomaru, 9 June 1840

Thirty-four northern chiefs signed a Declaration of Independence - He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tirene - at a hui called by the British Resident, James Busby, at his home at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. This was one of several events that led eventually to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

On 20 March 1834, many of these chiefs had gathered at the same place, also at Busby’s invitation, to choose a national flag to fly on ships owned in New Zealand. But Busby’s hope that this conference would encourage the formation of a pan-tribal government had not yet been realised.

In the spring of 1835 Busby was presented with a new opportunity to advance this agenda. News arrived that a self-styled French baron, Charles de Thierry, had announced in Tahiti his intention to set up a ‘sovereign and independent state’ on land at Hokianga he claimed to have bought in the 1820s. The plan seemed far-fetched, but the possibility that de Thierry’s ambitions would provoke intertribal conflict could not be ruled out.

Busby speedily advised British subjects of the impending danger and called a meeting of 34 prominent chiefs. He persuaded them to sign a Declaration of Independence that asked King William IV ‘to be the parent of their infant state [and] its protector from all attempts upon its independence’. Calling themselves the United Tribes of New Zealand, the signatories also pledged to meet at Waitangi each year to ‘frame laws for the promotion of peace, justice and trade’.

The Colonial Office in London acknowledged the Declaration by promising that the King would protect Māori in ways ‘consistent with a due regard to the just rights of others and to the interests of His Majesty’s subjects’. Busby dubbed the Declaration the ‘Magna Charta of New Zealand’, and his superiors in New South Wales congratulated him on his initiative.

De Thierry did not arrive in New Zealand until two years after the signing of the Declaration. By then he was no longer seen as a threat. Busby continued to collect signatures, ending up with 52 (all but two of them from northern chiefs), but the group did not meet again as he had planned.

While the Confederation did not live up to Busby’s ambitions for it, it gave the United Kingdom a claim to influence in New Zealand that it was to exploit to the full at a third meeting of northern chiefs on the same lawn on 6 February 1840.

Image: Detail from 1835 Declaration of Independence

With Covid-19 dominating our lives at present, it is easy to forget all the other work that continues as we prepare for the compulsory teaching of New Zealand history in 2022.

Teachers have plenty on their plates right now, but those of you looking for additional resources and ideas to support units of work relating to Te Tiriti o Waitangi should visit the Network Waitangi Ōtautahi (NWO) website. This Christchurch-based organisation has been operating since 1985 and supports the development of a multicultural, Treaty-based society in which the indigenous status of Tangata Whenua and the place of Tangata Tiriti are both understood.

NWO recognises the text in te reo as the Treaty. No English language version was present at Waitangi on 6 February 1840.

Among their most requested and downloaded resources are their 2018 editions of the 1840 Treaty and 1835 Declaration of Independence posters. Bulk or single hard copies of both posters, on glossy paper and in colour, are available on a koha basis.

A Questions and Answers booklet is also available. This covers many historical and contemporary issues. It is designed for people who want to gain a basic knowledge about te Tiriti o Waitangi and its implications, as well as those who want to refresh and update their understanding. It includes a summary of legislation and Crown actions since 1840 that have breached te Tiriti. It also provides a comprehensive reading list for further information. These resources are constantly being added to and updated in response to recent changes in the social context.

5-minute pre-Treaty stories are available in text and podcast form. These are designed to improve knowledge of what was happening on the eve of the signing of te Tiriti, and add to our understanding of its provenance and intent.

NWO welcomes feedback or questions from those seeking support with their teaching programmes or general lines of inquiry relating to this area. They are available by email organisers@nwo.org.nz or are happy to talk on the phone: 03 365 5266.

Te Tiriti/the Treaty has been variously described as a founding document, a sacred covenant and a fraud. It speaks through many voices, past and present. So, what are some ways to teach the history of this document and analyse its ongoing impacts? And how do we ensure students don’t feel fatigued and cry out in exasperation, ‘We’ve done the Treaty!’

Tiriti vs Treaty, and challenging 'Treaty principles'

I once invited the then MP Hone Harawira (Ngāti Hau, Ngāti Wai, Ngāti Hine, Te Aupōuri, Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Whātua) to come and speak to my Year 10 Social Studies class. ‘We’ve been learning about the Treaty principles’, I explained as we walked to the classroom. ‘Why do that?’, he asked, ‘It’s clear what te Tiriti says.’

Hone’s short reply made me reflect that while I had been teaching perspectives that viewed Treaty principles as an attempt to reconcile the differences between the Treaty and te Tiriti (a quest for the so-called spirit of the thing), I hadn’t been teaching perspectives that saw the principles as a tool used to neutralise te Tiriti.

Hone’s words echoed in my head when I read Ani Mikaere’s book, Colonising myths – Māori realities: he rukuruku whakaaro (2011). Mikaere argues that the development of Treaty principles to resolve tensions between the two texts is misguided and has resulted in te Tiriti being subordinated to the Treaty. She also believes it marginalises He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni (the Declaration of Independence).

Mikaere speaks of the essential whakapapa between He Whakaputanga and te Tiriti. Once this connection is understood, the disconnect between te Tiriti and the Treaty needs to be declared. Mikaere says: 'they have absolutely nothing in common with each other… The inextricable connection between He Whakaputanga and te Tiriti should be acknowledged, and the Treaty seen for the historical irrelevance that it truly is.'

Ani Mikaere – Colonising myths – Māori realities: he rukuruku whakaaro (2011)

A call for centring te Tiriti – the Māori text – was heard in 1991 when the historian M.P.K Sorrenson wrote: 'It is the Māori text that gives Waitangi its most distinctive quality. We in New Zealand have not yet come to terms with that.'

M.P.K. Sorrenson – Sovereignty & indigenous rights: the Treaty of Waitangi in international contexts, edited by William Renwick (1991)

A year earlier, during the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the signing of te Tiriti, Anglican Bishop Whakahuihui Vercoe stressed the need for Māori to speak and warned the government not to produce principles of the Treaty, saying: '...the Treaty is already there.'

Bishop Vercoe's speech at Waitangi, 1990 – Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

Yet there are many perspectives and narratives about te Tiriti and what it means for the future. Academic Morgan Godfery, for instance, points to the power of the principles, when he says: 'Today the principles – known colloquially as partnership, participation, and protection – bind the Crown. In the 90s and 2000s the principles were responsible for helping force the government to negotiate over rights to land, fisheries, broadcasting, and more.'

Māori might be the ‘luckiest’ Indigenous people – but that’s not down to New Zealand exceptionalism – The Guardian

Suggested teaching approaches

To learn about te Tiriti o Waitangi is to learn about mana and understand the importance of whenua; it is to discover the hononga/connection between people and te taiao/the environment. What follows are some suggested approaches and activities.

Concept maps

Start with the conceptual thinking you want to encourage, such as:  

• Tino Rangatiratanga (power and autonomy)
• Kāwanatanga (governorship; governance; decision-making)
• Taonga (possessions – material and non-material; anything important)
• Whenua (land) perspectives. 

Use concept maps to help students make sense of these ideas. A concept map asks students to: 

• define the concept 
• think about what it leads to 
• show/illustrate/explain what it looks like 
• think of historical/contemporary/personal examples of the concept. 

Encourage students to use these concepts in their discussions and their writing. Pin their concept maps to the wall for ongoing reference. 

Helpful tips

Utilise Te Takanga o te Wā – Māori history guidelines for a range of Mātauranga Māori approaches. 

Te Takanga o te Wā – Māori History Guidelines Year 1–8 – Te Kete Ipurangi (TKI)

Start with what students already know about te Tiriti/the Treaty. Find out what questions they have. Make a note of these and use them to shape future lessons. 

Start in the present. The challenge is to avoid Treaty fatigue, which can result from the repetition of the same information year after year. It’s important to look beyond a very basic narrative of events in February 1840. The historical context is important, but any study of te Tiriti needs to address the present as well as the past. Students need to understand how te Tiriti is important to them and how it continues to influence New Zealand society.

Start outside Aotearoa New Zealand. You could read Shaun Tan’s The rabbits, a picture-book interpretation of the colonisation of Australia. In place of people, Tan substitutes kangaroos and rabbits. Ask questions as you go about who is making decisions and why, whose perspective is being shared, and what the consequences are for both the rabbits and the kangaroos.

Shaun Tan – The Rabbits

For younger students, it could be useful to start with some broad questions: 

• What is an agreement? 
• Think of a time when you made an agreement with someone. What was it about? How did you reach the agreement? 
• Has someone ever broken an agreement that you’ve had with them? How did you feel? What did you do?

Images

Images can ignite conversations. The Ministry of Education has provided an overview of how images can stimulate curiosity.

Using historical images to stimulate curiosity about the past – Ministry of Education 

Resource: Interpreting the signing of te Tiriti o Waitangi

These images are artistic interpretations of the signing of te Tiriti. Get students to ask questions about each image. Talk about what they notice, who is in the image, how are the images similar to or different from each other. Who produced the image and when? How can we be sure which image, if any, is accurate?

Artistic interpretations of the signing of te Tiriti o Waitangi (PDF, 426KB)

Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage

Watch

The docudrama What really happened – Waitangi is a great way for older students to explore different perspectives. Students can take notes on the views, values and actions of people like Tāmati Wāka Nene, Hōne Heke, Te Ruki Kawiti, Henry Williams, and William Hobson. Preview it to ensure that it’s age-appropriate for your class and/or select parts to play to your class.

What really happened – Waitangi – NZ On Screen

The Aotearoa History Show episode on te Tiriti o Waitangi covers a lot of ground, beginning with the lead-up to the signing of te Tiriti and the perspectives of rangatira who were present at the signing, before touching on the start of Te Pūtake o te Riri/the New Zealand Wars. 

The Aotearoa History Show – Episode 4 | te Tiriti o Waitangi – Radio New Zealand

Hahana Kids explanation of the Treaty of Waitangi could be used with younger students as a way to begin discussions.

The BIG problem with the Treaty of Waitangi – Hahana Kids

This short clip about the Treaty of Waitangi breaks down the differences between the Treaty and te Tiriti and introduces the idea of the Treaty principles.

Treaty of Waitangi – The Treaty Texts – SMC History

Read

Ross Calman, Mark Derby and Toby Morris’s graphic novel Te Tiriti o Waitangi (which includes Teacher Support Materials). The centre spread outlining what is in each article of te Tiriti works well printed off in A3 and handed out for students to write on/annotate/question.

Te Tiriti o Waitangi | School Journal Story Library – Te Kete Ipurangi (TKI)

Treaty of Waitangi page on the Archives New Zealand website for extensive background information concerning te Tiriti.  

The Treaty of Waitangi – Archives New Zealand

The translation of the te reo Māori version of te Tiriti by Professor Sir Hugh Kawharu.

The Treaty of Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Waitangi | Translation of the te reo Māori text – Waitangi Tribunal

Perspectives

The Kōrero section of the He Tohu website has a wide range of perspectives on multiple topics, including Tino Rangatiratanga and He Whakaputanga.

Kōrero | He Tohu – Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa National Library of New Zealand

He Tohu is a permanent exhibition where students can see:  

• 1835 He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni — Declaration of Independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand 
• 1840 te Tiriti o Waitangi — Treaty of Waitangi 
• 1893 Women’s Suffrage Petition — Te Petihana Whakamana Pōti Wahine 

He Tohu – Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa National Library of New Zealand

Resource: how perspectives change across time

Nōpera Pana-kareao (1840): signed the Waitangi sheet of te Tiriti on 28 April 1840 at Kaitāia. His wife Ereōnora signed at the same time. Pana-kareao was the final speaker on the day and his summing up of the Treaty is well remembered: 'What have we to say against the governor, the shadow of the land will go to him but the substance will remain with us’. According to the missionary Richard Taylor, only a year later Nōpera feared that 'the substance of it will go to [the British] and the shadow only be [the Maori] portion.'

Sir Apirana Ngata (1940): In 1940, the centenary of the signing, Sir Apirana Ngata confirmed Nōpera’s fears when he said, 'I do not know of any year the Māori people have approached with so much misgiving as this Centennial Year... In retrospect what does the Māori see? Lands gone, the power of chiefs humbled in the dust, Māori culture scattered and broken.' How were his words received by the Pākehā who considered him a Māori ‘voice of reason’? Pākehā who were living with their own shadow – colonisation and privilege built on stolen land and ideas about racial hierarchies.

Shadow and substance: the changing perpectives of Nōpera Pana-kareao and Sir Apirana Ngata (PDF, 277KB)

Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage

Resource: how perspectives change across a lifetime

The following chart shows Hōne Heke’s changing perspective toward te Tiriti over his lifetime. Use the wheel of emotions to identify feelings.

Perspectives chart (PDF, 111KB)

Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage

Local-based approaches to teaching te Tiriti

While the first signing of te Tiriti happened on 6 February, this is not the significant date for other rohe/regions. Over seven months, nine copies of te Tiriti (including the Waitangi sheet) were signed at many different locations.

Ngā Wāhi – Treaty Signing Occasions – NZHistory

If you have connections with mana whenua, ask them to share what te Tiriti o Waitangi means to them.

If you’re teaching in Te Wai Pounamu (South Island), check out this interactive history about the signing of te Tiriti by rangatira Iwikau (Ngāti Rangiamoa) and Tikao (Ngāi Te Kahukura).

How te Tiriti o Waitangi was signed in Horomaka – Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata

Further resources

Te Tai Treaty Settlement Stories – Iwi and Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage

Year 9 and 10 students are expected to know about the Waitangi Tribunal and Treaty settlements. Check out Te Tai Treaty Settlement Stories for a range of iwi stories and education resources related to settlements. 

Treaty timeline – NZHistory

This timeline of events related to te Tiriti could help students develop their understanding of key events happening around 1840. You could select some specific events, take away the date, cut them out and see whether students can put them in chronological order. Students could be assigned an event and asked to find out more about it. 

Treaty of Waitangi: What was lost – Stuff

This article looks at the scale of losses for Māori as a result of colonisation. It touches on land, economy, population and culture.

Te Tiriti o Waitangi / The Treaty of Waitangi and its history – Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa National Library of New Zealand

Curated teaching and learning resources related to te Tiriti o Waitangi / The Treaty of Waitangi and its history.

Resources – Network Waitangi Ōtautahi

Range of excellent te Tiriti resources, including posters. 

Taringa podcast | Ep 225 – Te Waananga o Aotearoa

Dayle Takitimu talks about the importance of recognising oral history evidence and iwi perspectives surrounding te Tiriti. A discussion of Treaty principles begins around 29.00. 

Ricky Prebble, Educator–Historian

Field trips are a fantastic way for students and teachers to develop shared experiences outside of the classroom. This field trip – ‘Stories in the land’ – is run by educator-historian Ricky Prebble and can be adapted for senior and junior students.

Purpose

The field trip touches on the multiple relationships that exist between people and place. Broadly, it is about how histories of occupation and power are remembered in the names and landscapes of Te Whanganui-a-Tara/Wellington. Designed to help students make connections between local, national, and international events and people, the purpose of this field trip is to make local history come alive for students through direct engagement with primary sources.

Site information

William Wakefield memorial

Location: Hauwai | Basin Reserve

William Wakefield memorial (Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage)

Wakefield Park, Wakefield Street, Wakefield Hospital. You cannot talk about colonisation and Wellington without talking about William and Edward Wakefield, founders of the New Zealand Company. This company connects capitalism and te Tiriti o Waitangi – private enterprise intent on making money for shareholders through buying land cheaply from Māori before selling it on at a profit. The actions of this company had huge impacts – it helped persuade the British to colonise this land, and it brought a wave of Pākehā settlers on board ships whose names – Adelaide, Tory, Oriental– are etched into the landscape.

While today the Basin Reserve is a sportsground, for Māori the Hauwai wetland and Waitangi awa (stream) was a supermarket, a hardware store, a pharmacy. The Waitangi awa still flows underground out into the harbour. There has been immense change to this landscape as people have come and gone, recalling the whakataukī:

Whatungarongaro te tangata, toitū te whenua.

People disappear while the land remains.

Waitangi Stream | Queen Victoria statue

Location: Kent and Cambridge Terrace

Wellington's destructor, c.1930 (Alexander Turnbull Library, 1/2-091112; F)

Water from the Waitangi awa flows underneath Cambridge and Kent Terraces. Underneath the imposing bronze statue of Queen Victoria, salt water from the harbour reaches the culverts at high tide. Tuna (eels) continue to swim in these dark hollows, following ancestral coordinates. Sadly, the stream is polluted. Pollution from waste is an historic issue for Wellington. In 1888 an incinerator was built near the present-day Waitangi Park to burn all the city’s rubbish — up to 20,000 tonnes each year. It was called the destructor. From 1939, the city increasingly shifted to using rubbish tips. The destructor was closed in 1946 and the chimneys were later demolished.

Detail from Queen Victoria statue (Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture & Heritage)

Queen Victoria’s statue is another interesting site in this area. She ruled at the height of the British Empire, and her reign was of massive significance for Aotearoa New Zealand. Around the base of the statue are bronze relief images, including an interpretation of the signing of te Tiriti. This artistic impression by Alfred Drury was reproduced in textbooks and on the 1940 centenary 10-shilling banknote. The context of its start in 1901, not long after Victoria’s death, explains its pro-colonial depiction of a stooping Māori, acquiescing to the power and authority of the British. Stern judgement, clasped hands, disembodied heads – this is a unique piece and a fascinating historical resource.

Te Aro Park

Location: Dixon Street

Ceramic tiles at Te Aro park (Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture & Heritage)

Te Aro Park is one of the largest pieces of public art in the country. The park is next to Taranaki Street, whose name recalls the history of hekenga, the migration of iwi from Taranaki to this area in the 1820s and 1830s. Some of the thousands of handmade ceramic tiles in Te Aro Park bear the names of those who have lit fires in this land. Research by Honiana Love (Te Ātiawa, Taranaki, Ngā Ruahinerangi) and others tells us that Te Aro pā was connected to other pā around the coast, and that it was a large settlement with over 100 tāngata (people) living here at any one time.

'Hidden streams' field trip – Te Akomanga

Trades Hall

Location: Vivian Street

Trades Hall museum (Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture & Heritage)

Built in 1928, Trades Hall on Vivian Street has a fascinating history. It was the site of a shocking bomb explosion which killed the building’s caretaker, Ernie Abbott, in 1984. The attack took place during a time of labour unrest when Prime Minister Robert Muldoon made frequent verbal attacks on the union movement. There is a memorial tree across the road in Ernie’s memory, and a ground-floor museum space pays homage to various groups and individuals and their stories of struggle, including the 1981 Springbok tour.

Trades' Hall bombing today in history, 27 March 1984 – NZHistory

Historic ‘Chinatown’ | Jo Kum Yung memorial

Location: Haining Street

Haining and Frederick Streets are the site of Wellington’s historic ‘Chinatown’. There is not a lot of evidence left in the built environment to tell us about this community – only three Chinatown buildings remain, all on Frederick Street. But historian Lynette Shum has conducted oral history research to collect the stories of those who once lived here.

The young Chinese men who sailed from Guangdong province to the goldfields of Otago in the 1860s found themselves in a strange new world. This history connects us to culture, economics, and trade. It is also a history that includes discriminatory immigration laws that targeted Chinese people, such as the 'poll tax'.

On Haining Street, a small plaque set into the footpath marks the site Jo Kum Yung was shot and killed here by white supremacist, Lionel Terry, in 1905 – a notorious event that calls attention to issues of racism and white supremacy today.

Chinese peoples – Te Ara The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Poll tax imposes on Chinese today in history, 5 July 1881 – NZHistory
Racist killing in Wellington's Haining St today in history, 24 September 1905 – NZHistory
Haining Street Oral History Project – National Library of New Zealand